0.2 12972422 <documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation"> <article> <articleinfo> <title>Modelling Beta-adrenergic Control of Cardiac Myocyte Contractility in Silico</title> <author> <firstname>Catherine</firstname> <surname>Lloyd</surname> <affiliation> <shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland</shortaffil> </affiliation> </author> </articleinfo> <section id="sec_status"> <title>Model Status</title> <para>This CellML version of the Saucerman and McCulloch 2003 model is a translation of Jeff Saucerman's original MATLAB code. It doesn't run in COR due to the presence of differential algebraic equations (DAEs). Use of additional RDF intial condition hints allow this version to run in the head revision of OpenCell using IDA as the solver. Exporting the CellML to MATLAB using OpenCell and then running the MATLAB output also works. It recreates the results of the original published model. Units require further correction and we are continuting to work on this model.</para> </section> <sect1 id="sec_structure"> <title>Model Structure</title> <para>ABSTRACT: The beta-adrenergic signaling pathway regulates cardiac myocyte contractility through a combination of feedforward and feedback mechanisms. We used systems analysis to investigate how the components and topology of this signaling network permit neurohormonal control of excitation-contraction coupling in the rat ventricular myocyte. A kinetic model integrating beta-adrenergic signaling with excitation-contraction coupling was formulated, and each subsystem was validated with independent biochemical and physiological measurements. Model analysis was used to investigate quantitatively the effects of specific molecular perturbations. 3-Fold overexpression of adenylyl cyclase in the model allowed an 85% higher rate of cyclic AMP synthesis than an equivalent overexpression of beta 1-adrenergic receptor, and manipulating the affinity of Gs alpha for adenylyl cyclase was a more potent regulator of cyclic AMP production. The model predicted that less than 40% of adenylyl cyclase molecules may be stimulated under maximal receptor activation, and an experimental protocol is suggested for validating this prediction. The model also predicted that the endogenous heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor may enhance basal cyclic AMP buffering by 68% and increasing the apparent Hill coefficient of protein kinase A activation from 1.0 to 2.0. Finally, phosphorylation of the L-type calcium channel and phospholamban were found sufficient to predict the dominant changes in myocyte contractility, including a 2.6x increase in systolic calcium (inotropy) and a 28% decrease in calcium half-relaxation time (lusitropy). By performing systems analysis, the consequences of molecular perturbations in the beta-adrenergic signaling network may be understood within the context of integrative cellular physiology.</para> <para>The original paper reference is cited below:</para> <para> Modeling beta-adrenergic control of cardiac myocyte contractility <emphasis>in silico</emphasis> , Jeffrey J. Saucerman, Laurence L. Brunton, Anushka P. Michailova, and Andrew D. McCulloch, 2003, <emphasis>Journal of Biological Chemistry</emphasis> , 48, 47997-48003. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=12972422&amp;dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 12972422</ulink> </para> <informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram"> <mediaobject> <imageobject> <objectinfo> <title>cell diagram</title> </objectinfo> <imagedata fileref="saucerman_mcculloch_2003.png" /> </imageobject> </mediaobject> <caption>Schematic diagram of the integrated model components, including the beta-adrenergic network, calcium handling, and the electrophysiology of the rat ventricular myocyte.</caption> </informalfigure> </sect1> </article> </documentation> <rdf:RDF xmlns:semsim="http://www.bhi.washington.edu/SemSim#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:bqmodel="http://biomodels.net/model-qualifiers/" 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saucerman_brunton_michailova_mcculloch_2003 saucerman_brunton_michailova_mcculloch_2003 testout Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Cytosol of cardiac myocyte http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:226050 Junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cell http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:62387 Sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cell http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:62390 Sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cell http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:67964 Extracellular space http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:70022 cAMP biosynthetic process http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0006171 junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0014701 calcium channel complex http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0034704 potassium channel complex http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0034705 sodium channel complex http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0034706 sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0086037 sodium/calcium exchanger 1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000015207 adenylate cyclase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000022358 null http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_P61016 A physical entity that is defined by linking multiple physical entity terms with structural relations. A mathematical and/or logical expression that determines the value of a data structure. An element of a SemSim model that relates to the mathematical or logical representation of physical quantities or qualities. A physical dependency defined in a specific SemSim model. A physical entity defined in a specific SemSim model. A physical process defined in a specific SemSim model. A physical property defined in a specific SemSim model. A computational element that stores numerical and/or logical information related to the model. A data structure whose value is limited to decimals. A discrete occurence in a simulation A computational assignment triggered by an Event A data structure whose value is limited to the whole numbers. A data structure unique to JSim's Mathematical Modeling Language (MML) used to set one or more model input values at runtime. A quantitative relation between values of physical properties that occurs over a span of time and that determines the time-course of a physical process. A physics analytical entity that represents the material, energy, and/or information content of material or immaterial, space-occupying continuants. A SemSim model element used to represent, in whole or in part, the physical meaning of a computational element. A physical processural entity that is a flow, or the control of a flow, of energy and/or information amongst physical continuants that are participants in the physical process. A physical attribute of an instance of a physical entity, an occurrence of a physical process, or a physical dependency that has a quantitative value that is measurable by a physical device or method, or is computable from such values. A data structure whose value is limited to the real numbers. A physical dependency that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource. A physical entity that is defined using a term from an external knowledge resource. A physical process that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource. A physical property that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource. A logical expression that constrains, but does not define, the value of a data structure. Example: x > 0. The output of an SBML-style Function Definition A computational or physical element of a SemSim model. A grouping of one or more data structures that comprise a computationally or physically distinct part of a model or submodel. A physical quantity chosen as a standard in terms of which other physical quantities may be expressed. sodium(1+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29101 potassium(1+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29103 calcium(2+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29108 forskolin https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:42471 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:48518 ventricular cardiac muscle cell https://identifiers.org/cl/CL:2000046 Beta-1 adrenergic receptor https://identifiers.org/uniprot/P18090 Background Na+ current flow 1.0 1.0 sodium(1+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29101 sodium(1+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29101 sodium(1+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29101 potassium(1+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29103 potassium(1+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29103 potassium(1+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29103 calcium(2+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29108 calcium(2+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29108 calcium(2+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29108 calcium(2+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29108 calcium(2+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29108 calcium(2+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29108 calcium(2+) https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:29108 forskolin https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:42471 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:48518 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine https://identifiers.org/chebi/CHEBI:48518 CICR release current 1.0 ventricular cardiac muscle cell https://identifiers.org/cl/CL:2000046 Ca2+ ion flux into the rat ventricular myocyte 1.0 1.0 Ca2+ transfer from JSR to NSR 1.0 1.0 Ca2+ uptake into the NSR by the SR 1.0 1.0 Ca_Background_Current Ca_Background_Current.E_Ca in Calcium Nernst potential Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Ca_Background_Current.G_CaB in Ca_Background_Current.I_CaB out Background Ca current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Ca_Background_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_CaB</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>G_CaB</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_Ca</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.Ca_i in Concentration of intracellular calcium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.Ca_jsr in Concentration of junctional SR Ca2+ ions Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.G_max_rel in Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.I_Ca_tot in Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.I_rel out CICR release current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.g_rel Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.ryr_off Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.ryr_on Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.t_rel Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.tau_off in Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.tau_on in Calcium_Induced_Calcium_Release.trel in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>t_rel</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>trel</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 2 <sep /> -3 </cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>ryr_on</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>t_rel</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_on</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>ryr_off</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>t_rel</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_off</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>g_rel</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>G_max_rel</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>I_Ca_tot</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">5</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">0.9</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_rel</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>g_rel</ci> <ci>ryr_on</ci> <ci>ryr_off</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ca_jsr</ci> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Concentration of Protein phosphatase-1 Concentration of phosphodiesterase Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.B_myo out Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.CMDN_bar in Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.Ca_i in Concentration of intracellular calcium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.INDO_bar in Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.Km_CMDN in Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.Km_INDO in Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.Km_TRPN in Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.TRPN_bar in Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.b_cmdn Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.b_indo Cytoplasmic_Calcium_Buffering.b_trpn <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>b_trpn</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>TRPN_bar</ci> <ci>Km_TRPN</ci> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_TRPN</ci> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>b_cmdn</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>CMDN_bar</ci> <ci>Km_CMDN</ci> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_CMDN</ci> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>b_indo</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>INDO_bar</ci> <ci>Km_INDO</ci> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_INDO</ci> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>B_myo</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>b_cmdn</ci> <ci>b_trpn</ci> <ci>b_trpn</ci> <ci>b_indo</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> EC_Coupling_Parameters 1.534e-4 EC_Coupling_Parameters.A_Cap out 0.05 EC_Coupling_Parameters.CMDN_bar out 15 EC_Coupling_Parameters.CSQN_bar out 8.75 EC_Coupling_Parameters.CSQN_th out 1.8 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Ca_ext out 2.8e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.G_CaB out 0.24 EC_Coupling_Parameters.G_Ki_bar out 0.008 EC_Coupling_Parameters.G_Kp out 8 EC_Coupling_Parameters.G_Na out 1.18e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.G_NaB out 60e3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.G_max_rel out 0.07 EC_Coupling_Parameters.G_ss out 0.35 EC_Coupling_Parameters.G_to out 0.07 EC_Coupling_Parameters.INDO_bar out -0.458 EC_Coupling_Parameters.I_Ca05 out 1.1 EC_Coupling_Parameters.I_bar_NaK out 1.15 EC_Coupling_Parameters.I_bar_PCa out 4.7 EC_Coupling_Parameters.I_up_bar out 5.4 EC_Coupling_Parameters.K_ext out 2.38e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_CMDN out 0.8 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_CSQN out 1.38 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_Ca out 8.44e-4 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_INDO out 1.5 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_Ko out 1.2e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_NS out 87.5 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_Na out 10 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_Nai out 0.5e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_PCa out 0.5128e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_TRPN out 0.8e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_rel out 3e-4 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Km_up0 out 15 EC_Coupling_Parameters.NSR_bar out 3e5 EC_Coupling_Parameters.N_lcc out 140 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Na_ext out 0 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Pns out 0.07 EC_Coupling_Parameters.TRPN_bar out 310 EC_Coupling_Parameters.Temp out 9.3e-8 EC_Coupling_Parameters.V_jsr out 20.8e-6 EC_Coupling_Parameters.V_myo out 9.88e-7 EC_Coupling_Parameters.V_nsr out 0.18e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.d_Cai_th out 0.35 EC_Coupling_Parameters.eta out 300 EC_Coupling_Parameters.f out 2e3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.g out 5187.5 EC_Coupling_Parameters.gamma_o out 1483 EC_Coupling_Parameters.k_NaCa out 0.1 EC_Coupling_Parameters.k_sat out 10 EC_Coupling_Parameters.omega out 1.7469e-8 EC_Coupling_Parameters.p_Ca out 3.234e-11 EC_Coupling_Parameters.p_K out 2e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.tau_off out 2e-3 EC_Coupling_Parameters.tau_on out 5.7e-4 EC_Coupling_Parameters.tau_tr out Cytosol of cardiac myocyte http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:226050 Junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cell http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:62387 Sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cell http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:62390 Sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cell http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:67964 Extracellular space http://identifiers.org/fma/FMA:70022 Fast_Na_Current Fast_Na_Current.E_Na in Sodium nernst potential Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Fast_Na_Current.G_Na in Fast_Na_Current.I_Na out Na+ flux across sarcolemma of rat ventricular myocyte Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Fast_Na_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 Fast_Na_Current.ah Fast_Na_Current.aj Fast_Na_Current.am Fast_Na_Current.bh Fast_Na_Current.bj Fast_Na_Current.bm 0.99 Fast_Na_Current.h 0.99 Fast_Na_Current.j 1.4e-3 Fast_Na_Current.m Time Fast_Na_Current.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>am</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.32</cn> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">47.13</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.1</cn> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">47.13</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>bm</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.08</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">11</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>ah</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn> <apply> <geq /> <ci>V_m</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">40</cn> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.135</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">80</cn> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">6.8</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>aj</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn> <apply> <geq /> <ci>V_m</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">40</cn> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 1.2714 <sep /> 5 </cn> </apply> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.2444</cn> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 3.474 <sep /> -5 </cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.04391</cn> </apply> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">37.78</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.311</cn> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">79.23</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>bh</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.13</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">10.66</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">11.1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <geq /> <ci>V_m</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">40</cn> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3.56</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.079</cn> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 3.1 <sep /> 5 </cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.35</cn> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>bj</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.3</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV" type="e-notation"> 2.575 <sep /> -7 </cn> </apply> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.1</cn> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">32</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <geq /> <ci>V_m</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">40</cn> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1212</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.01052</cn> </apply> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.1378</cn> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">40.14</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>m</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>am</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>m</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>bm</ci> <ci>m</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>h</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>ah</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>h</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>bh</ci> <ci>h</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>j</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>aj</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>j</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>bj</ci> <ci>j</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_Na</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>G_Na</ci> <apply> <power /> <ci>m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> <ci>h</ci> <ci>j</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_Na</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> cAMP biosynthetic process http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0006171 junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0014701 calcium channel complex http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0034704 potassium channel complex http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0034705 sodium channel complex http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0034706 sodium channel complex http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0034706 sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential http://identifiers.org/go/GO:0086037 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.A_Cap in Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.B_myo in 1.58e-4 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.Ca_i out Concentration of intracellular calcium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.Frdy in Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.I_Ca_tot in Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.I_K_tot in Total K+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.I_Na_tot in Total membrane Na+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.I_app Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.I_leak in Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.I_pace in Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.I_rel in CICR release current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.I_up in Ca2+ uptake into the NSR by the SR Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 145 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.K_i out Concentration of intracellular potassium in the rat ventricular myocyte. Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 16 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.Na_i out Concentration of intracellular sodium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0.02 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.R_clamp Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.V_clamp -40 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.V_hold Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.V_jsr in -85.66 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.V_m out Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.V_myo in Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.V_nsr in -10 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.V_test Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.protocol in Time Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in 0.9 Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.trel out Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.z_Ca in Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.z_K in Ion_Concentrations_and_Membrane_Potential.z_Na in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>V_clamp</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <ci>V_test</ci> <apply> <and /> <apply> <gt /> <ci>time</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">59.1</cn> </apply> <apply> <lt /> <ci>time</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">59.5</cn> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <ci>V_hold</ci> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_app</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn> <apply> <eq /> <ci>protocol</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn> </apply> </piece> <piece> <ci>I_pace</ci> <apply> <eq /> <ci>protocol</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_clamp</ci> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.02</cn> </apply> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>Na_i</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> </apply> <ci>I_Na_tot</ci> <ci>A_Cap</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>V_myo</ci> <ci>z_Na</ci> <ci>Frdy</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>K_i</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> </apply> <ci>I_K_tot</ci> <ci>A_Cap</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>V_myo</ci> <ci>z_K</ci> <ci>Frdy</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>B_myo</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> <ci>I_Ca_tot</ci> <ci>A_Cap</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>V_myo</ci> <ci>z_Ca</ci> <ci>Frdy</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>I_up</ci> <ci>I_leak</ci> </apply> <ci>V_nsr</ci> </apply> <ci>V_myo</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>I_rel</ci> <ci>V_jsr</ci> </apply> <ci>V_myo</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>I_Ca_tot</ci> <ci>I_K_tot</ci> <ci>I_Na_tot</ci> </apply> <ci>I_app</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>trel</ci> </apply> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 4 </cn> <ci>trel</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>I_Ca_tot</ci> <ci>I_K_tot</ci> <ci>I_Na_tot</ci> </apply> <ci>I_app</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV_per_sec" type="e-notation"> 30 <sep /> 3 </cn> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">1</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> </math> LCC_module LCC_module.Km_pka_lcc in LCC_module.Km_pp1_lcc in LCC_module.Km_pp2a_lcc in LCC_module.LCC_tot in LCC_module.LCCa LCC_module.LCCa_DEPHOSPH Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 LCCa_PHOSPH Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 5.103e-3 LCC_module.LCCa_p Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 LCC_module.LCCb LCC_module.LCCb_DEPHOSPH Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 LCCb_PHOSPH Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 5.841e-3 LCC_module.LCCb_p Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 LCC_module.PKAC_II in LCC_module.PP1_lcc_tot in LCC_module.PP2A_lcc_tot in LCC_module.epsilon in LCC_module.frac_LCCa_p out LCC_module.frac_LCCa_po out LCC_module.frac_LCCb_p out LCC_module.frac_LCCb_po out LCC_module.k_pka_lcc in LCC_module.k_pp1_lcc in LCC_module.k_pp2a_lcc in Time LCC_module.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>LCCa</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>LCC_tot</ci> <ci>LCCa_p</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>LCCa_PHOSPH</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>epsilon</ci> <ci>k_pka_lcc</ci> <ci>PKAC_II</ci> <ci>LCCa</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pka_lcc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>epsilon</ci> <ci>LCCa</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>LCCa_DEPHOSPH</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>epsilon</ci> <ci>k_pp2a_lcc</ci> <ci>PP2A_lcc_tot</ci> <ci>LCCa_p</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pp2a_lcc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>epsilon</ci> <ci>LCCa_p</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>LCCb</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>LCC_tot</ci> <ci>LCCb_p</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>LCCb_PHOSPH</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>epsilon</ci> <ci>k_pka_lcc</ci> <ci>PKAC_II</ci> <ci>LCCb</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pka_lcc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>epsilon</ci> <ci>LCCb</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>LCCb_DEPHOSPH</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>epsilon</ci> <ci>k_pp1_lcc</ci> <ci>PP1_lcc_tot</ci> <ci>LCCb_p</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pp1_lcc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>epsilon</ci> <ci>LCCb_p</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>LCCa_p</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>LCCa_PHOSPH</ci> <ci>LCCa_DEPHOSPH</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>LCCb_p</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>LCCb_PHOSPH</ci> <ci>LCCb_DEPHOSPH</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>frac_LCCa_p</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>LCCa_p</ci> <ci>LCC_tot</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>frac_LCCa_po</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.2041</cn> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>frac_LCCb_p</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>LCCb_p</ci> <ci>LCC_tot</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>frac_LCCb_po</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.2336</cn> </apply> </math> LCC_parameters 21 LCC_parameters.Km_pka_lcc out 3 LCC_parameters.Km_pp1_lcc out 3 LCC_parameters.Km_pp2a_lcc out 25e-3 LCC_parameters.LCC_tot out 25e-3 LCC_parameters.PP1_lcc_tot out 25e-3 LCC_parameters.PP2A_lcc_tot out 10 LCC_parameters.epsilon out 54 LCC_parameters.k_pka_lcc out 8.52 LCC_parameters.k_pp1_lcc out 10.1 LCC_parameters.k_pp2a_lcc out L_Type_Calcium_Current L_Type_Calcium_Current.Ca_ext in L_Type_Calcium_Current.Ca_i in Concentration of intracellular calcium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 L_Type_Calcium_Current.FoRT in L_Type_Calcium_Current.Frdy in L_Type_Calcium_Current.I_Ca out L-Type calcium current L_Type_Calcium_Current.I_Ca05 in L_Type_Calcium_Current.I_CaK out Potassium current through the channel Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 L_Type_Calcium_Current.I_Ca_tot out Total L-type Ca2+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 L_Type_Calcium_Current.K_ext in L_Type_Calcium_Current.K_i in Concentration of intracellular potassium in the rat ventricular myocyte. Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 L_Type_Calcium_Current.N_lcc in L_Type_Calcium_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 L_Type_Calcium_Current.a_lcc L_Type_Calcium_Current.b_lcc L_Type_Calcium_Current.f in L_Type_Calcium_Current.f_avail L_Type_Calcium_Current.f_lcc L_Type_Calcium_Current.frac_LCCa_p in L_Type_Calcium_Current.frac_LCCa_po in L_Type_Calcium_Current.frac_LCCb_p in L_Type_Calcium_Current.frac_LCCb_po in L_Type_Calcium_Current.g in L_Type_Calcium_Current.gamma L_Type_Calcium_Current.gamma_o in L_Type_Calcium_Current.i_bar_Ca L_Type_Calcium_Current.i_bar_K L_Type_Calcium_Current.omega in L_Type_Calcium_Current.p_Ca in L_Type_Calcium_Current.p_K in L_Type_Calcium_Current.tau_y_lcc Time L_Type_Calcium_Current.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in 0 L_Type_Calcium_Current.v L_Type_Calcium_Current.v_gamma L_Type_Calcium_Current.v_omega 0 L_Type_Calcium_Current.w 0.13 L_Type_Calcium_Current.x 0.96 L_Type_Calcium_Current.y L_Type_Calcium_Current.y_lcc_inf 0.92 L_Type_Calcium_Current.z <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>a_lcc</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_sec">400</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">2</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">10</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>b_lcc</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_sec">50</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">2</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">13</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>f_lcc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>f</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">0.375</cn> <ci>frac_LCCa_p</ci> </apply> <ci>frac_LCCa_po</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.625</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>y_lcc_inf</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">55</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">7.5</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">21</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">6</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>tau_y_lcc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0.02</cn> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0.3</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">30</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">9.5</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>gamma</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>gamma_o</ci> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>v_gamma</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>gamma</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>v</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">2</cn> <ci>v</ci> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>v</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">4</cn> <apply> <power /> <ci>v</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>v</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">8</cn> <apply> <power /> <ci>v</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>v</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">16</cn> <apply> <power /> <ci>v</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <ci>f_lcc</ci> <ci>g</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>v_omega</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>omega</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>w</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">0.5</cn> <ci>w</ci> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>w</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">0.25</cn> <apply> <power /> <ci>w</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>w</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">0.125</cn> <apply> <power /> <ci>w</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> <ci>w</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">0.0625</cn> <apply> <power /> <ci>w</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>v</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>a_lcc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>v</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>b_lcc</ci> <ci>v</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>w</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>a_lcc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>w</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>b_lcc</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <ci>w</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>x</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>f_lcc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>x</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>g</ci> <ci>x</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>y</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>y_lcc_inf</ci> <ci>y</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_y_lcc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>z</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>v_omega</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>z</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>v_gamma</ci> <ci>z</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>i_bar_Ca</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>p_Ca</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>Frdy</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> -3 </cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">2</cn> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.341</cn> <ci>Ca_ext</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>i_bar_K</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>p_K</ci> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>Frdy</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>K_i</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <ci>K_ext</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>f_avail</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">0.5</cn> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">0.4</cn> <ci>frac_LCCb_p</ci> </apply> <ci>frac_LCCb_po</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.6</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_Ca</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>i_bar_Ca</ci> <ci>N_lcc</ci> <ci>f_avail</ci> <apply> <power /> <ci>v</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> </apply> <ci>x</ci> <ci>y</ci> <ci>z</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_CaK</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>i_bar_K</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <ci>I_Ca</ci> <ci>I_Ca05</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <ci>N_lcc</ci> <ci>f_avail</ci> <apply> <power /> <ci>v</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> </apply> <ci>x</ci> <ci>y</ci> <ci>z</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_Ca_tot</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>I_Ca</ci> <ci>I_CaK</ci> </apply> </apply> </math> Na+ - Ca2+ current exchanger across sarcolemma 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Na+ - K+ pump current across sarcolemma 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Na_Background_Current Na_Background_Current.E_Na in Sodium nernst potential Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Na_Background_Current.G_NaB in Na_Background_Current.I_NaB out Background Na+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Na_Background_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_NaB</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>G_NaB</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_Na</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.Ca_ext in Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.Ca_i in Concentration of intracellular calcium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.FoRT in Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.I_NCX out Na+ - Ca2+ current exchanger across sarcolemma Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.Km_Ca in Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.Km_Na in Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.Na_ext in Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.Na_i in Concentration of intracellular sodium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.eta in Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.k_NaCa in Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.k_sat in Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.s4 Na_Ca_Exchanger_Current.s5 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>s4</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <ci>eta</ci> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <power /> <ci>Na_i</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> <ci>Ca_ext</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>s5</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>eta</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> </apply> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <power /> <ci>Na_ext</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_NCX</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>k_NaCa</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <power /> <ci>Km_Na</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> <apply> <power /> <ci>Na_ext</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_Ca</ci> <ci>Ca_ext</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_sat</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>eta</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">1</cn> </apply> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>s4</ci> <ci>s5</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Na_K_Pump_Current Na_K_Pump_Current.FoRT in Na_K_Pump_Current.I_NaK out Na+ - K+ pump current across sarcolemma Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Na_K_Pump_Current.I_bar_NaK in Na_K_Pump_Current.K_ext in Na_K_Pump_Current.Km_Ko in Na_K_Pump_Current.Km_Nai in Na_K_Pump_Current.Na_ext in Na_K_Pump_Current.Na_i in Concentration of intracellular sodium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Na_K_Pump_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 Na_K_Pump_Current.f_NaK Na_K_Pump_Current.sigma <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>sigma</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Na_ext</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mM">67.3</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">7</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>f_NaK</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1245</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn> </apply> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.0365</cn> <ci>sigma</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> <ci>FoRT</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_NaK</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>I_bar_NaK</ci> <ci>f_NaK</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <power /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Km_Nai</ci> <ci>Na_i</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <ci>K_ext</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>K_ext</ci> <ci>Km_Ko</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Nernst_Potentials Nernst_Potentials.Ca_ext in Nernst_Potentials.Ca_i in Concentration of intracellular calcium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Nernst_Potentials.E_Ca out Calcium Nernst potential Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Nernst_Potentials.E_Cl out Nernst_Potentials.E_K out Potassium nernst potentials Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Nernst_Potentials.E_Na out Sodium nernst potential Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Nernst_Potentials.FoRT out 96485 Nernst_Potentials.Frdy out Nernst_Potentials.K_ext in Nernst_Potentials.K_i in Concentration of intracellular potassium in the rat ventricular myocyte. Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Nernst_Potentials.Na_ext in Nernst_Potentials.Na_i in Concentration of intracellular sodium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 8314 Nernst_Potentials.R Nernst_Potentials.Temp in 2 Nernst_Potentials.z_Ca out 1 Nernst_Potentials.z_K out 1 Nernst_Potentials.z_Na out <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>FoRT</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Frdy</ci> <ci>R</ci> </apply> <ci>Temp</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>E_Na</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <ci>FoRT</ci> <ci>z_Na</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <ln /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Na_ext</ci> <ci>Na_i</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>E_K</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <ci>FoRT</ci> <ci>z_K</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <ln /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>K_ext</ci> <ci>K_i</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>E_Ca</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <ci>FoRT</ci> <ci>z_Ca</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <ln /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Ca_ext</ci> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>E_Cl</ci> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">40</cn> </apply> </apply> </math> Network SR Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.B_jsr Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.CSQN_bar in Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.Ca_i in Concentration of intracellular calcium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 1.92 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.Ca_jsr out Concentration of junctional SR Ca2+ ions Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 1.92 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.Ca_nsr out Network SR Ca2+ concentration Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.I_leak out Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.I_rel in CICR release current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.I_tr Transfer flux of Ca2+ from the JSR to the NSR Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.I_up out Ca2+ uptake into the NSR by the SR Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.I_up_bar in Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.Km_CSQN in Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.Km_up Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.Km_up0 in Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.NSR_bar in Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.SR_content Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.V_jsr in Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.V_myo in Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.V_nsr in Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.frac_PLB in Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.frac_PLB_o in Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.tau_tr in Time Other_SR_Fluxes_and_Concentrations.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Km_up</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Km_up0</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>frac_PLB</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>frac_PLB_o</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_up</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>I_up_bar</ci> <apply> <power /> <ci>Ca_i</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <power /> <ci>Km_up</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <power /> <ci>Ca_i</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_leak</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>I_up_bar</ci> <ci>Ca_nsr</ci> </apply> <ci>NSR_bar</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_tr</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ca_nsr</ci> <ci>Ca_jsr</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_tr</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>B_jsr</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>CSQN_bar</ci> <ci>Km_CSQN</ci> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_CSQN</ci> <ci>Ca_jsr</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>Ca_nsr</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>I_up</ci> <ci>I_leak</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>I_tr</ci> <ci>V_jsr</ci> </apply> <ci>V_nsr</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>Ca_jsr</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>B_jsr</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>I_tr</ci> <ci>I_rel</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>SR_content</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown" type="e-notation"> 1 <sep /> 3 </cn> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ca_jsr</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Ca_jsr</ci> <ci>B_jsr</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>V_jsr</ci> </apply> <ci>V_myo</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Ca_nsr</ci> <ci>V_nsr</ci> </apply> <ci>V_myo</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Beta-1 adrenergic receptor https://identifiers.org/uniprot/P18090 PKA_module A2RC_I A2RC_II Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 A2R_I A2R_II Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 ARC_I ARC_II Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 PKA_module.K_a in PKA_module.K_b in PKA_module.K_d in PKA_module.Ki_pki in PKAC_I out PKAC_II out PKA_module.PKAII_tot in PKA_module.PKAI_tot in PKA_temp Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 PKI Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 PKA_module.PKI_tot in cAMP out Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 PKA_module.cAMP_tot in Concentration of cyclic AMP Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0 PKA_module.zed 0 PKA_module.zed1 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PKI</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>PKI_tot</ci> <ci>Ki_pki</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ki_pki</ci> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> <ci>PKAC_II</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>A2RC_I</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> <ci>K_d</ci> </apply> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PKI</ci> <ci>Ki_pki</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>A2R_I</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PKI</ci> <ci>Ki_pki</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>A2RC_II</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PKAC_II</ci> <ci>K_d</ci> </apply> <ci>PKAC_II</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PKI</ci> <ci>Ki_pki</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>A2R_II</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>PKAC_II</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PKI</ci> <ci>Ki_pki</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>ARC_I</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>K_a</ci> <ci>cAMP</ci> </apply> <ci>A2RC_I</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>ARC_II</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>K_a</ci> <ci>cAMP</ci> </apply> <ci>A2RC_II</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PKA_temp</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>K_a</ci> <ci>K_b</ci> </apply> <ci>K_d</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>K_a</ci> <ci>cAMP</ci> </apply> <ci>K_d</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <power /> <ci>cAMP</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <ci>K_d</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>cAMP</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>cAMP_tot</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>ARC_I</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>A2RC_I</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>A2R_I</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>ARC_II</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>A2RC_II</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>A2R_II</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>zed</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>PKAI_tot</ci> <apply> <power /> <ci>cAMP</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PKI</ci> <ci>Ki_pki</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>PKA_temp</ci> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> </apply> <apply> <power /> <ci>cAMP</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>zed1</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>PKAII_tot</ci> <apply> <power /> <ci>cAMP</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>PKAC_II</ci> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PKI</ci> <ci>Ki_pki</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>PKA_temp</ci> <ci>PKAC_II</ci> </apply> <apply> <power /> <ci>cAMP</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> PKA_parameters 9.14 PKA_parameters.K_a out 1.64 PKA_parameters.K_b out 4.375 PKA_parameters.K_d out 0.2e-3 PKA_parameters.Ki_pki out 0.025 PKA_parameters.PKAII_tot out 0.59 PKA_parameters.PKAI_tot out 0.18 PKA_parameters.PKI_tot out PLB_module PLB_module.Inhib1 PLB_module.Inhib1_DEPHOSPH Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 Inhib1_PHOSPH Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 PLB_module.Inhib1_tot in Inhib1p Inhib1p_PP1 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 0.0526 PLB_module.Inhib1p_tot Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 PLB_module.Ki_inhib1 in PLB_module.Km_pka_i1 in PLB_module.Km_pka_plb in PLB_module.Km_pp1_plb in PLB_module.Km_pp2a_i1 in PLB_module.PKAC_I in PLB_module.PLB Concentration of phospholamban PLB_DEPHOSPH Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 PLB_PHOSPH Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 4.105 PLB_module.PLB_p Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 PLB_module.PLB_tot in PP1 Concentration of Protein phosphatase-1 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 PLB_module.PP1_tot in PLB_module.Vmax_pp2a_i1 in PLB_module.frac_PLB out PLB_module.frac_PLB_o out PLB_module.frac_PLB_p PLB_module.k_pka_i1 in PLB_module.k_pka_plb in PLB_module.k_pp1_plb in Time PLB_module.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PLB</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>PLB_tot</ci> <ci>PLB_p</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PLB_PHOSPH</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_pka_plb</ci> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> <ci>PLB</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pka_plb</ci> <ci>PLB</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PLB_DEPHOSPH</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_pp1_plb</ci> <ci>PP1</ci> <ci>PLB_p</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pp1_plb</ci> <ci>PLB_p</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Inhib1</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Inhib1_tot</ci> <ci>Inhib1p_tot</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Inhib1p_PP1</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Inhib1p</ci> <ci>PP1</ci> </apply> <ci>Ki_inhib1</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Inhib1_PHOSPH</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_pka_i1</ci> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> <ci>Inhib1</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pka_i1</ci> <ci>Inhib1</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Inhib1_DEPHOSPH</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Vmax_pp2a_i1</ci> <ci>Inhib1p_tot</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pp2a_i1</ci> <ci>Inhib1p_tot</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>PLB_p</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>PLB_PHOSPH</ci> <ci>PLB_DEPHOSPH</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>Inhib1p_tot</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Inhib1_PHOSPH</ci> <ci>Inhib1_DEPHOSPH</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Inhib1p</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Inhib1p_tot</ci> <ci>Inhib1p_PP1</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PP1</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>PP1_tot</ci> <ci>Inhib1p_PP1</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>frac_PLB_p</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PLB_p</ci> <ci>PLB_tot</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>frac_PLB</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>PLB</ci> <ci>PLB_tot</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>frac_PLB_o</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.9613</cn> </apply> </math> PLB_parameters 0.3 PLB_parameters.Inhib1_tot out 1e-3 PLB_parameters.Ki_inhib1 out 1 PLB_parameters.Km_pka_i1 out 21 PLB_parameters.Km_pka_plb out 7 PLB_parameters.Km_pp1_plb out 1 PLB_parameters.Km_pp2a_i1 out 106 PLB_parameters.PLB_tot out 0.89 PLB_parameters.PP1_tot out 14 PLB_parameters.Vmax_pp2a_i1 out 60 PLB_parameters.k_pka_i1 out 54 PLB_parameters.k_pka_plb out 8.5 PLB_parameters.k_pp1_plb out sodium/calcium exchanger 1 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000015207 adenylate cyclase http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_000022358 null http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/PR_P61016 Pacing Pacing.I_pace out Time Pacing.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_pace</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="uA_per_uF">10</cn> <apply> <and /> <apply> <geq /> <ci>time</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0</cn> </apply> <apply> <leq /> <ci>time</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">10</cn> </apply> <apply> <leq /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>time</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0</cn> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <floor /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>time</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">1</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">1</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0.003</cn> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="uA_per_uF">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> </math> Plateau K+ current Plateau_K_Current Plateau_K_Current.E_K in Potassium nernst potentials Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Plateau_K_Current.G_Kp in Plateau_K_Current.I_Kp out Plateau K+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Plateau_K_Current.Kp Plateau_K_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Kp</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">7.488</cn> <ci>V_m</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">5.98</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_Kp</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>G_Kp</ci> <ci>Kp</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_K</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump current 1.0 1.0 Sarcolemmal_Ca_Pump_Current Sarcolemmal_Ca_Pump_Current.Ca_i in Concentration of intracellular calcium in the rat ventricular myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Sarcolemmal_Ca_Pump_Current.I_PCa out Sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Sarcolemmal_Ca_Pump_Current.I_bar_PCa in Sarcolemmal_Ca_Pump_Current.Km_PCa in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_PCa</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>I_bar_PCa</ci> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_PCa</ci> <ci>Ca_i</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Sodium flux across sarcolemma of rat ventricular myocyte 1.0 1.0 Steady_State_K_Current Steady_State_K_Current.E_K in Potassium nernst potentials Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Steady_State_K_Current.G_ss in Steady_State_K_Current.I_ss out Subspace steady state current across sarcolemma Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Steady_State_K_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 198e-3 Steady_State_K_Current.r_ss Steady_State_K_Current.r_ss_inf 0.43 Steady_State_K_Current.s_ss Steady_State_K_Current.s_ss_inf Steady_State_K_Current.tau_r_ss Steady_State_K_Current.tau_s_ss Time Steady_State_K_Current.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>r_ss_inf</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">11.5</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">11.82</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>tau_r_ss</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">10</cn> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">45.16</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.03577</cn> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">50</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">98.9</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.1</cn> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">38</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>s_ss_inf</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">87.5</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">10.3</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>tau_s_ss</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">2.1</cn> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>r_ss</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>r_ss_inf</ci> <ci>r_ss</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_r_ss</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>s_ss</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>s_ss_inf</ci> <ci>s_ss</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_s_ss</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_ss</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>G_ss</ci> <ci>r_ss</ci> <ci>s_ss</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_K</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Time_Independent_K_Current Time_Independent_K_Current.E_K in Potassium nernst potentials Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Time_Independent_K_Current.G_Ki_bar in Time_Independent_K_Current.I_Ki out Time independent K+ current across sarcolemma Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Time_Independent_K_Current.K_ext in Time_Independent_K_Current.Ki_ss Time_Independent_K_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 Time_Independent_K_Current.a_Ki Time_Independent_K_Current.b_Ki <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>a_Ki</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1.02</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.2385</cn> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_K</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">59.215</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>b_Ki</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.49124</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.08032</cn> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">5.476</cn> </apply> <ci>E_K</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.06175</cn> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_K</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">594.31</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.5143</cn> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_K</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">4.753</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ki_ss</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>a_Ki</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>a_Ki</ci> <ci>b_Ki</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_Ki</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>G_Ki_bar</ci> <apply> <root /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>K_ext</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="unknown">5.4</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Ki_ss</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_K</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Time independent K current 1.0 1.0 Total K+ current Total_Membrane_Currents Total_Membrane_Currents.I_Ca in L-Type calcium current Total_Membrane_Currents.I_CaB in Background Ca current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_CaK in Potassium current through the channel Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_Ca_tot out Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_K_tot out Total K+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_Ki in Time independent K+ current across sarcolemma Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_Kp in Plateau K+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_NCX in Na+ - Ca2+ current exchanger across sarcolemma Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_Na in Na+ flux across sarcolemma of rat ventricular myocyte Total_Membrane_Currents.I_NaB in Background Na+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_NaK in Na+ - K+ pump current across sarcolemma Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_Na_tot out Total membrane Na+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_PCa in Sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_ss in Subspace steady state current across sarcolemma Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Total_Membrane_Currents.I_to in Transient Outward K+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_Na_tot</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>I_Na</ci> <ci>I_NaB</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> <ci>I_NCX</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn> <ci>I_NaK</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_K_tot</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>I_to</ci> <ci>I_ss</ci> <ci>I_Ki</ci> <ci>I_Kp</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>I_NaK</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>I_CaK</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_Ca_tot</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>I_Ca</ci> <ci>I_CaB</ci> <ci>I_PCa</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <ci>I_NCX</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> Total membrane Na+ current Transient Outward K+ current Transient_Outward_K_Current Transient_Outward_K_Current.E_K in Potassium nernst potentials Nernst potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_01581 Transient_Outward_K_Current.G_to in Transient_Outward_K_Current.I_to out Transient Outward K+ current Charge flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00318 Transient_Outward_K_Current.V_m in Sarcoplasm membrane potential Chemical potential http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00378 1.4e-3 Transient_Outward_K_Current.r_to Transient_Outward_K_Current.r_toss 1 Transient_Outward_K_Current.s_to Transient_Outward_K_Current.s_toss 0.613 Transient_Outward_K_Current.ss_to Transient_Outward_K_Current.tau_r_to Transient_Outward_K_Current.tau_s_to Transient_Outward_K_Current.tau_ss_to Time Transient_Outward_K_Current.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>r_toss</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">10.6</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">11.42</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>s_toss</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">43.5</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">6.8841</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>tau_r_to</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">45.16</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.03577</cn> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">50</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">98.9</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="per_mV">0.1</cn> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">38</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>tau_s_to</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0.35</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">70</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">15</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0.035</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>tau_ss_to</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">3.7</cn> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="mV">70</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">30</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="second">0.035</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>r_to</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>r_toss</ci> <ci>r_to</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_r_to</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>s_to</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>s_toss</ci> <ci>s_to</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_s_to</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>ss_to</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>s_toss</ci> <ci>ss_to</ci> </apply> <ci>tau_ss_to</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>I_to</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>G_to</ci> <ci>r_to</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.886</cn> <ci>s_to</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.114</cn> <ci>ss_to</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>V_m</ci> <ci>E_K</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> ampere true cm2 2.0 centi cm_per_sec -1.0 centi coulomb true coulombs_per_mole -1.0 dimensionless true farad true joule true joules_per_mole_kelvin -1.0 -1.0 kelvin true liter true mM milli -1.0 mM_per_sec -1.0 mS_per_uF -1.0 micro milli mV milli mV_per_sec -1.0 milli meter true millisecond milli mole true per_mM_per_sec -1.0 -1.0 per_mV -1.0 per_sec -1.0 per_uM_per_sec -1.0 -1.0 second true siemens true uA_per_uF -1.0 micro micro uL micro uM micro -1.0 uM_per_sec -1.0 unknown true volt b1_AR_Gs_parameters 3.83 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.Gs_tot out Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 33 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.Kc out Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0.285 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.Kl out Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0.062 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.Kr out 1 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.L_totmax out 2.2e-3 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.k_bar_km out 1.1e-3 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.k_bar_kp out 16 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.k_g_act out 0.8 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.k_hyd out 2.2e-3 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.k_p_kam out 3.6e-3 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.k_p_kap out 1.21e3 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.k_reassoc out 0.0132 b1_AR_Gs_parameters.sum_b1_AR out b1_AR_module BARK_DESENS Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 b1_AR_module.BARK_RESENS Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 G_ACT Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 Gs out 6.446e-4 b1_AR_module.Gs_agdp out Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0.02505 b1_AR_module.Gs_agtp_tot out Concentration of GTP-bound G_s alpha Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0.02569 b1_AR_module.Gs_bg out Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 b1_AR_module.Gs_tot in Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 b1_AR_module.HYD Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 b1_AR_module.Kc in Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 b1_AR_module.Kl in Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 b1_AR_module.Kr in L out LR out LRG out Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 b1_AR_module.L_totmax in b1_AR_module.PKAC_I in PKA_DESENS Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 b1_AR_module.PKA_RESENS Chemical concentration flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00593 R out b1_AR_module.REASSOC RG out Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0 b1_AR_module.b1_AR_d out Beta1-specific in activation by phosphorylation at S464 by beta-adrenergic receptor kinase. Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 1.154e-3 b1_AR_module.b1_AR_p out Beta1-specific in activation by phosphorylation at S301 by beta-adrenergic receptor kinase. Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0.01205 b1_AR_module.b1_AR_tot out Concentration of beta1-adrenergic signaling in the cardiac myocyte Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 b1_AR_module.k_bar_km in b1_AR_module.k_bar_kp in b1_AR_module.k_g_act in b1_AR_module.k_hyd in b1_AR_module.k_p_kam in b1_AR_module.k_p_kap in b1_AR_module.k_reassoc in b1_AR_module.sum_b1_AR in Time b1_AR_module.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>LR</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>L</ci> <ci>R</ci> </apply> <ci>Kl</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>LRG</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>LR</ci> <ci>Gs</ci> </apply> <ci>Kr</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>RG</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>R</ci> <ci>Gs</ci> </apply> <ci>Kc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>BARK_DESENS</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_bar_kp</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>LR</ci> <ci>LRG</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>BARK_RESENS</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_bar_km</ci> <ci>b1_AR_d</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PKA_DESENS</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_p_kap</ci> <ci>PKAC_I</ci> <ci>b1_AR_tot</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PKA_RESENS</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_p_kam</ci> <ci>b1_AR_p</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>G_ACT</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_g_act</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>RG</ci> <ci>LRG</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>HYD</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_hyd</ci> <ci>Gs_agtp_tot</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>REASSOC</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_reassoc</ci> <ci>Gs_agdp</ci> <ci>Gs_bg</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="uM">1</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>L</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>L_totmax</ci> <ci>LR</ci> </apply> <ci>LRG</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>R</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>b1_AR_tot</ci> <ci>LR</ci> </apply> <ci>LRG</ci> </apply> <ci>RG</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Gs</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Gs_tot</ci> <ci>LRG</ci> </apply> <ci>RG</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>b1_AR_tot</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>BARK_RESENS</ci> <ci>BARK_DESENS</ci> </apply> <ci>PKA_RESENS</ci> </apply> <ci>PKA_DESENS</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>b1_AR_d</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>BARK_DESENS</ci> <ci>BARK_RESENS</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>b1_AR_p</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>PKA_DESENS</ci> <ci>PKA_RESENS</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>Gs_agtp_tot</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>G_ACT</ci> <ci>HYD</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>Gs_agdp</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>HYD</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>REASSOC</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="uM">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>Gs_bg</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>G_ACT</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>REASSOC</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.1#" cellml:units="uM">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </math> cAMP_module AC Concentration of adenylyl cyclase in the rat ventricular myocyte AC_ACT_BASAL Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 AC_ACT_FSK Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 AC_ACT_GSA Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 cAMP_module.AC_tot in cAMP_module.ATP in FSK Concentration of forskolin on the sarcolemma Fsk_AC Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 cAMP_module.Fsk_tot in cAMP_module.Gs_agtp_tot in Concentration of GTP-bound G_s alpha Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Gsa_GTP Gsa_GTP_AC Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 IBMX Concentration of IBMX (3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 cAMP_module.IBMX_tot in cAMP_module.K_fsk in cAMP_module.K_gsa in cAMP_module.Ki_ibmx in cAMP_module.Km_basal in cAMP_module.Km_fsk in cAMP_module.Km_gsa in cAMP_module.Km_pde in PDE Concentration of phosphodiesterase PDE_ACT Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 cAMP_module.PDE_IBMX Concentration of nonspecific phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 cAMP_module.PDE_tot in cAMP_module.cAMP in Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 0.8453 cAMP_module.cAMP_tot out Concentration of cyclic AMP Chemical concentration http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00340 cAMP_module.k_ac_basal in cAMP_module.k_ac_fsk in cAMP_module.k_ac_gsa in cAMP_module.k_pde in Time cAMP_module.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Gsa_GTP_AC</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Gsa_GTP</ci> <ci>AC</ci> </apply> <ci>K_gsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsk_AC</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fsk</ci> <ci>AC</ci> </apply> <ci>K_fsk</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>AC_ACT_BASAL</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_ac_basal</ci> <ci>AC</ci> <ci>ATP</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_basal</ci> <ci>ATP</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>AC_ACT_GSA</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_ac_gsa</ci> <ci>Gsa_GTP_AC</ci> <ci>ATP</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_gsa</ci> <ci>ATP</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>AC_ACT_FSK</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_ac_fsk</ci> <ci>Fsk_AC</ci> <ci>ATP</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_fsk</ci> <ci>ATP</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PDE_ACT</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>k_pde</ci> <ci>PDE</ci> <ci>cAMP</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Km_pde</ci> <ci>cAMP</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PDE_IBMX</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>PDE</ci> <ci>IBMX</ci> </apply> <ci>Ki_ibmx</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Gsa_GTP</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Gs_agtp_tot</ci> <ci>Gsa_GTP_AC</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsk</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fsk_tot</ci> <ci>Fsk_AC</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>AC</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>AC_tot</ci> <ci>Gsa_GTP_AC</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PDE</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>PDE_tot</ci> <ci>PDE_IBMX</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>IBMX</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>IBMX_tot</ci> <ci>PDE_IBMX</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>time</ci> </bvar> <ci>cAMP_tot</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>AC_ACT_BASAL</ci> <ci>AC_ACT_GSA</ci> </apply> <ci>PDE_ACT</ci> </apply> <ci>AC_ACT_FSK</ci> </apply> </apply> </math> cAMP_parameters 49.7e-3 cAMP_parameters.AC_tot out 5e3 cAMP_parameters.ATP out 0 cAMP_parameters.Fsk_tot out 1 cAMP_parameters.IBMX_tot out 44 cAMP_parameters.K_fsk out 0.4 cAMP_parameters.K_gsa out 30 cAMP_parameters.Ki_ibmx out 1.03e3 cAMP_parameters.Km_basal out 860 cAMP_parameters.Km_fsk out 315 cAMP_parameters.Km_gsa out 1.3 cAMP_parameters.Km_pde out 39e-3 cAMP_parameters.PDE_tot out 0.2 cAMP_parameters.k_ac_basal out 0 cAMP_parameters.k_ac_fsk out 8.5 cAMP_parameters.k_ac_gsa out 5 cAMP_parameters.k_pde out environment 0 environment.protocol out Time environment.time https://identifiers.org/opb/OPB_01023 out true