0.2 <documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation"> <article> <articleinfo> <title>Computational modeling of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress</title> <author> <firstname>Catherine</firstname> <surname>Lloyd</surname> <affiliation> <shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil> </affiliation> </author> </articleinfo> <section id="sec_status"> <title>Model Status</title> <para> This CellML model runs in both COR and PCEnv to reproduce the published results. The units have been checked and they balance. This is a lumped parameter model for cardiac activation based on the work of Heldt et al. 2002. This CellMl model represents the whole heart (all four chambers) connected to a lumped parameter model of the circulatory system including systemic circulation, a coronary circulation, and a pulmonary circulation. The model and results are exactly the same as the <ulink url="http://physiome.org/model/doku.php?id=Integrative_Physiology:Lumped_parameter_circulation:model_detail#Detailed_Description">JSim model</ulink> of the same name. </para> </section> <sect1 id="sec_structure"> <title>Model Structure</title> <para>ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to develop a model of the cardiovascular system capable of simulating the short-term (less than or equal to 5 min) transient and steady-state hemodynamic responses to head-up tilt and lower body negative pressure. The model consists of a closed-loop lumped-parameter representation of the circulation connected to set-point models of the arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes. Model parameters are largely based on literature values. Model verification was performed by comparing the simulation output under baseline conditions and at different levels of orthostatic stress to sets of population-averaged hemodynamic data reported in the literature. On the basis of experimental evidence, we adjusted some model parameters to simulate experimental data. Orthostatic stress simulations are not statistically different from experimental data (two-sided test of significance with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons). Transient response characteristics of heart rate to tilt also compare well with reported data. A case study is presented on how the model is intended to be used in the future to investigate the effects of post-spaceflight orthostatic intolerance.</para> <informalfigure float="0" id="fig_reaction_diagram"> <mediaobject> <imageobject> <objectinfo> <title>model diagram</title> </objectinfo> <imagedata fileref="heldt_2002b.png" /> </imageobject> </mediaobject> <caption>Schematic diagram of the Heldt et al. 2002 circulation model.</caption> </informalfigure> <para>The original paper reference is cited below:</para> <para> Computational modeling of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress, T. Heldt, E.B. Shim, R.D. Kamm, and R.G. Mark, 2002, <emphasis>Journal of Applied Physiology</emphasis> , 92, 1239-1254. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=11842064&amp;query_hl=1&amp;itool=pubmed_docsum">PubMed ID: 11842064</ulink> </para> </sect1> </article> </documentation> <rdf:RDF xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:j.0="http://www.example.org/foo/bar/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:j.1="http://imc.org/vCard/3.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0"> <dcterms:created rdf:parseType="Resource"> <dcterms:W3CDTF>2009-10-26</dcterms:W3CDTF> </dcterms:created> <dc:creator rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:ORG rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:Orgname>Auckland Bioengineering Institute</vCard:Orgname> </vCard:ORG> <vCard:EMAIL> <j.1:internet> <rdf:value>d.cumin@auckland.ac.nz</rdf:value> </j.1:internet> </vCard:EMAIL> <vCard:N rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:Given>David</vCard:Given> <vCard:Family>Cumin</vCard:Family> </vCard:N> </dc:creator> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#heldt_lpc_2002"> <bqs:reference rdf:parseType="Resource"> <bqs:JournalArticle rdf:parseType="Resource"> <bqs:last_page>1254</bqs:last_page> <bqs:first_page>1239</bqs:first_page> <bqs:volume>92</bqs:volume> <bqs:Journal rdf:parseType="Resource"> <dc:title>Journal of Applied Physiology</dc:title> </bqs:Journal> <dcterms:issued rdf:parseType="Resource"> <dcterms:W3CDTF>2002</dcterms:W3CDTF> </dcterms:issued> <dc:title>Computational modeling of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress</dc:title> <dc:creator> <rdf:Seq> <rdf:li rdf:parseType="Resource"> <bqs:Person rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:N rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:Given>T</vCard:Given> <vCard:Family>Heldt</vCard:Family> </vCard:N> </bqs:Person> </rdf:li> <rdf:li rdf:parseType="Resource"> <bqs:Person rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:N rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:Other>B</vCard:Other> <vCard:Given>E</vCard:Given> <vCard:Family>Shim</vCard:Family> </vCard:N> </bqs:Person> </rdf:li> <rdf:li rdf:parseType="Resource"> <bqs:Person rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:N rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:Other>D</vCard:Other> <vCard:Given>R</vCard:Given> <vCard:Family>Kamm</vCard:Family> </vCard:N> </bqs:Person> </rdf:li> <rdf:li rdf:parseType="Resource"> <bqs:Person rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:N rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:Other>G</vCard:Other> <vCard:Given>R</vCard:Given> <vCard:Family>Mark</vCard:Family> </vCard:N> </bqs:Person> </rdf:li> </rdf:Seq> </dc:creator> </bqs:JournalArticle> <bqs:Pubmed_id>11842064</bqs:Pubmed_id> </bqs:reference> <bqs:reference rdf:parseType="Resource"> <dc:subject rdf:parseType="Resource"> <rdf:value> <rdf:Bag> <rdf:li>lumped parameter</rdf:li> <rdf:li>cardiac</rdf:li> <rdf:li>cardiovascular circulation</rdf:li> <rdf:li>cardiac activation</rdf:li> </rdf:Bag> </rdf:value> <bqs:subject_type>keyword</bqs:subject_type> </dc:subject> </bqs:reference> <cmeta:bio_entity>left ventricle</cmeta:bio_entity> <cmeta:comment rdf:parseType="Resource"> <dc:creator rdf:parseType="Resource"> <vCard:FN>Catherine Lloyd</vCard:FN> </dc:creator> <rdf:value>This is the CellML description of Heldt et al.'s computational model of the heart. Specifically the left ventricle.</rdf:value> </cmeta:comment> <dc:title>The Heldt et al. 2002 computational model of the heart</dc:title> </rdf:Description> <j.0:bazfoo/> </rdf:RDF> C:\Users\chthompson\Dropbox\Work Related\Annotated Models\Heldt_2002\Heldt_Shim_Kamm_2002.cellml Chris Thompson Computational modeling of cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress Max Neal heldt_lpc_2002 heldt_lpc_2002 Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 Pericardial cavity http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma11350 Pulmonary capillary http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14121 Wall of aorta http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14156 Surface of lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma17530 Interstitial space http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma17555 Body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135 Set of proximal epicardial branches of coronary arteries http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279851 Set of all pulmonary arterioles http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279896 Set of epicardial tributaries of all cardiac veins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279902 Set of all epicardial branches of all coronary arteries http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279921 Set of all systemic capillaries http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279935 Portion of body fluid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556 Vena cava http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma321896 Systemic arterial system http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45623 Systemic venous system http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45626 Pulmonary arterial tree http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45842 Set of pulmonary veins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma70827 Heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088 Right atrium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7096 Left atrium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7097 Right ventricle http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7098 Left ventricle http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7101 Wall of arteriole http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74653 Distal zone of aorta http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma87209 Wall of right atrium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9457 Myocardium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9462 Wall of left atrium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9531 Wall of right ventricle http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9533 Wall of left ventricle http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9556 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Pleural cavity http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9740 Pericardium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9869 Surface of fibrous pericardium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9892 A physical entity that is defined by linking multiple physical entity terms with structural relations. A mathematical and/or logical expression that determines the value of a data structure. An element of a SemSim model that relates to the mathematical or logical representation of physical quantities or qualities. A physical dependency defined in a specific SemSim model. A physical entity defined in a specific SemSim model. A physical process defined in a specific SemSim model. A physical property defined in a specific SemSim model. A computational element that stores numerical and/or logical information related to the model. A data structure whose value is limited to decimals. A data structure whose value is limited to the whole numbers. A data structure unique to JSim's Mathematical Modeling Language (MML) used to set one or more model input values at runtime. A quantitative relation between values of physical properties that occurs over a span of time and that determines the time-course of a physical process. A physics analytical entity that represents the material, energy, and/or information content of material or immaterial, space-occupying continuants. A SemSim model element used to represent, in whole or in part, the physical meaning of a computational element. A physical processural entity that is a flow, or the control of a flow, of energy and/or information amongst physical continuants that are participants in the physical process. A physical attribute of an instance of a physical entity, an occurrence of a physical process, or a physical dependency that has a quantitative value that is measurable by a physical device or method, or is computable from such values. A data structure whose value is limited to the real numbers. A physical dependency that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource. A physical entity that is defined using a term from an external knowledge resource. A physical process that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource. A physical property that is defined using a term in an external knowledge resource. A logical expression that constrains, but does not define, the value of a data structure. Example: x > 0. A computational or physical element of a SemSim model. A grouping of one or more data structures that comprise a computationally or physically distinct part of a model or submodel. A physical quantity chosen as a standard in terms of which other physical quantities may be expressed. Blood flow through proximal aorta 1.0 1.0 Blood flow through the distal aorta 1.0 1.0 1.0 Coronary capillaries Coronary vasculature All blood in coronary circulation Distal pulmonary arteries Large coronary arteries Large coronary veins Proximal pulmonary arteries Proximal systemic arteries Proximal zone of aorta Small coronary arteries Small coronary veins Hz -1.0 capacitance -1.0 elastance -1.0 milli flow milli -1.0 flowLm -1.0 inductance 2.0 -1.0 litre true mL milli mV milli mmHg mmHgmlm2 -2.0 pascal true perml -1.0 ratepm -1.0 resistance -1.0 s second true true volt Wall of artery Wall of artery Wall of artery Wall of artery Wall of capillary Wall of capillary Wall of vein Pericardial cavity http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma11350 Pulmonary capillary http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14121 Wall of aorta http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14156 Wall of aorta http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma14156 Surface of lung http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma17530 Interstitial space http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma17555 Body http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma256135 Set of proximal epicardial branches of coronary arteries http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279851 Set of all pulmonary arterioles http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279896 Set of epicardial tributaries of all cardiac veins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279902 Set of all epicardial branches of all coronary arteries http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279921 Set of all systemic capillaries http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma279935 Portion of body fluid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556 Portion of body fluid http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma280556 Vena cava http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma321896 Systemic arterial system http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45623 Systemic venous system http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45626 Pulmonary arterial tree http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma45842 Set of pulmonary veins http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma70827 Heart http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7088 Right atrium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7096 Left atrium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7097 Right ventricle http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7098 Left ventricle http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma7101 Wall of arteriole http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma74653 Distal zone of aorta http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma87209 Wall of right atrium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9457 Myocardium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9462 Wall of left atrium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9531 Wall of right ventricle http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9533 Wall of left ventricle http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9556 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Portion of blood http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9670 Pleural cavity http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9740 Pleural cavity http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9740 Pericardium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9869 Surface of fibrous pericardium http://purl.org/sig/ont/fma/fma9892 lpc 15 false false true Cardiac output equation time constant 108.56912706 false false true Cardiac output 1.4544677036 false false true Aortic distal compliance 0.3445734208 false false true Aortic proximal compliance 0.13 false false true Compliance of proximal epicardial arteries 1.8 false false true Compliance of coronary capillaries 0.05507 false false true Compliance of distal epicardial arteries 0.832299 false false true Compliance of epicardial veins 0.09129 false false true Compliance of large coronary arteries 0.68372 false false true Compliance of large coronary veins 0.15602 false false true Compliance of small coronary arteries 0.58155 false false true Compliance of small coronary veins 3.1321449506 false false true Pulmonary arterioles compliance 7.7147 false false true Pulmonary capillaries compliance 27.87028922 false false true Pulmonary veins compliance 1.4843409851 false false true Prox. systemic arteries compliance 7.9822364317 false false true Systemic capillaries compliance 2.6893667388 false false true Distal pulmonary arterial compliance 1.5365929068 false false true Proximal pulmonary arterial compliance -5 false false true Offsetting constant for partially collapsed vena cava pressure 50 false false true Active vasomotor tone volume parameter for systemic arterial pressure false false true Left atrial elastance false false true Left ventricular elastance 0.1446191772 false false true Maximum elastance left atrium 5.6 false false true Maximum elastance of first left ventricle component 0.1091675077 false false true Maximum elastance right atrium 0.67 false false true Maximum elastance right ventricle 0.1314719793 false false true Minimum elastance left atrium 0.186874659 false false true Minimum elastance of first left ventricle component 0.0992431888 false false true Maximum elastance right ventricle 0.1041640922 false false true Minimum elastance right ventricle false false true Right atrial elastance false false true Right ventricular elastance 0.5 false false true Normalized discharge rate for vasomotor control 23.5957 false false true Distal aorta flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 0.698577 false false true Proximal aorta flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Proximal epicardial arteries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Coronary capillaries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Distal epicardial arteries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Epicardial veins flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Large coronary arteries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Large coronary veins flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Small coronary arteries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Small coronary veins flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Cerebral flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Flow across mitral valve Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Flow across aortic valve Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Pulmonary arterioles flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 57.1876 false false true Distal pulmonary arterial flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 1.2282 false false true Proximal pulmonary arterial flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Pulmonary capillaries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Pulmonary shunt flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Pulmonary veins flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Flow across tricuspid valve Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Flow across pulmonary valve Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Systemic arteries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Proximal systemic arteries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Systemic capillaries flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Systemic veins flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 false false true Vena cava flow Fluid flow rate http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00299 77 false false true Heart Rate 0.0968305478 false false true Scaling constant for unstressed and distended Vena cava pressure 0.4 false false true Scaling constant for partially collapsed Vena cava pressure 0.001 false false true Scaling factor for Vena cava resistance 1 false false true Scaling parameter for pericardial P-V curve 497.7852450367 false false true Active vasomotor tone scaling parameter for systemic arterial pressure 0.03 false false true Passive vasomotor tone scaling parameter for systemic arterial pressure 0.05 false false true Passive vasomotor tone scaling parameter for systemic arterial pressure 0.01 false false true Pressure scaling constant for systemic arterial resistance 21.83 false false true Scaling factor for systemic venous pressure 3.5e-4 false false true Distal aorta inertance 3.5e-4 false false true Proximal aorta inertance 1.801907e-4 false false true Pulmonary arterial inertance 1.932239e-4 false false true Distal pulmonary artery inertance 90.6179 false false true Mean arterial blood pressure 0.12 false false true Difference in atrial, venticular activation times false false true Non-driving ECG curve false false true Distal aorta transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Distal aorta chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Proximal aorta transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 87.93968 false false true Proximal aorta chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 0 false false true Reference pressure at body surface (ground) false false true Proximal epicardial arteries transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Proximal epicardial arteries chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Coronary capillary transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Coronary capillary chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Distal epicardial arteries transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Distal epicardial arteries chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Epicardial veins transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Epicardial veins chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Myocardium interstitial fluid pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Large coronary arteries transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Large coronary arteries chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Large coronary veins transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Large coronary veins chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Small coronary arteries transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Small coronary arteries chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Small coronary veins transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Small coronary veins chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pressure in the left atrium Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Left atrial chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pressure in the left ventricle Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Left ventricular chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pulmonary arterioles transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pulmonary arterioles chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Distal pulmonary arterial transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Distal pulmonary arterial chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Proximal pulmonary arterial transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Proximal pulmonary chamber arterial pressure false false true Proximal pulmonary artery chamber pressure (systolic) false false true Proximal pulmonary artery chamber pressure (diastolic) Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pulmonary capillaries transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pulmonary capillaries chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Transmural pericardial pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pericardial chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Transmural pleural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 -5.6 false false true Pleural chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pulmonary veins transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pulmonary veins chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pressure in the right atrium Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Right atrial chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Blood pressure in the right ventricle Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Right ventricular chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Systemic arterial pressure false false true Active systemic arterial pressure component false false true Passive systemic arterial pressure component Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Proximal systemic arteries pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Systemic capillaries pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Systemic veins pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Pulmonary arterial volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Pulmonary venous volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Vena cava transmural pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 false false true Vena cava chamber pressure Fluid pressure http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00509 1 false false true P-V curve shaping parameter 2 false false true P-V curve shaping parameter 0.025 false false true Distal aortic resistance 1e-4 false false true Proximal aortic resistance 1e-4 false false true Aortic valve resistance 2.642367 false false true Proximal epicardial arteries resistance 4.227788 false false true Coronary capillaries resistance 2.642367 false false true Distal epicardial arteries resistance 0.4932479 false false true Epicardial veins resistance 5.073345 false false true Large coronary arteries resistance 0.4932479 false false true Large coronary veins resistance 5.073345 false false true Small coronary arteries resistance 0.4932479 false false true Small coronary veins resistance 6.8284472205 false false true Cerebral circulation resistance 0.001 false false true Fluid resistance in the left atrium 0.025 false false true Vena cava resistance offset parameter 0.0565149137 false false true Pulmonary arterioles resistance 0.03 false false true Distal proximal pulmonary resistance 1e-4 false false true Proximal pulmonary resistance 0.0309026688 false false true Pulmonary capillaries resistance 4.2958026137 false false true Pulmonary shunt resistance 1e-4 false false true Pulmonary valve resistance 1e-4 false false true Pulmonary veins resistance 0.001 false false true Fluid resistance in the right atrium false false true Resistance of systemic arteries 0.5508058134 false false true Arteriolar resistance offset 0.025 false false true Prox. systemic arteries resistance 0.1545054945 false false true Systemic capillaries resistance 0.1381298227 false false true Systemic veins resistance 0.3 false false true Transmural distal aortic resistance 0.2 false false true Transmural proximal aortic resistance 0.05 false false true Distal pulmonary arterial transmural resistance 0.05 false false true Proximal pulmonary arterial transmural resistance false false true Resistance of Vena cava false false true Stroke volume (COutput/HR) false false true Systemic arterial volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Systemic venous volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Discrete systolic interval for atria 0.2 false false true Scaler to set atrial systolic fraction of heart cycle false false true Discrete systolic interval for ventricles 0.35 false false true Scaler to set ventricular systolic fraction of heart cycle false false true Total blood in circulation Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 138.4476 false false true Distal aorta volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 31.1705 false false true Proximal aorta volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 2.76087 false false true Proximal epicardial arteries volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 8.55228 false false true Coronary capillaries volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Volume of blood in coronary circulation Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 4.41135 false false true Distal epicardial arteries volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 8.76758 false false true Epicardial veins volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 4.992799 false false true Large coronary arteries volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 8.213955 false false true Large coronary veins volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 4.22047 false false true Small coronary arteries volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 7.8362 false false true Small coronary veins volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 85.9126 false false true Fluid volume in the left atrium Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Unstressed left atrial volume 10 false false true Unstressed end-diastolic left atrium volume 8 false false true Unstressed end-systolic left atrium volume 125.360568 false false true Blood volume in the left ventricle Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Unstressed left ventricle volume 72 false false true Unstressed end-diastolic left ventricle volume 23 false false true Unstressed end-systolic left ventricle volume 3379.545 false false true Maximal volume of lumped systemic veins 350.5314 false false true Maximum volume of vena cava 50.010747 false false true Mimimum volume of vena cava 238 false false true Myocardium blood volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 129.6486 false false true Unstressed blood volume of vena cava 58.926 false false true Pulmonary arterioles volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 60.11203897 false false true Distal pulmonary arterial volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 33.1398 false false true Proximal pulmonary arterial volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 107.57022 false false true Pulmonary capillaries volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Total volume enclosed by pericardium 785 false false true Pericardial P-V curve parameter Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 293.0398 false false true Pulmonary veins volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 78.2537 false false true Fluid volume in the right atrium Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Unstressed right atrial volume 10 false false true Unstressed end-diastolic right atrium volume 8 false false true Unstressed end-systolic right atrium volume 167.4806 false false true Fluid volume in the right ventricle Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Unstressed right ventricular volume 103 false false true Unstressed end-diastolic right ventricle volume 53 false false true Unstressed end-systolic right ventricle volume 519.7915 false false true Volume of systemic arteries 577.7106000108 false false true Maximum luminal volume of systemic arteries 485.7624931891 false false true Minimal volume of systemic arteries Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 129.6439 false false true Proximal systemic arteries volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 256.8555 false false true Systemic capillaries volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 2961.6507 false false true Systemic veins volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 false false true Total blood volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 232.46638962 false false true Vena cava volume Fluid volume http://bhi.washington.edu/OPB#OPB_00154 1 false false true P-V curve shaping parameter 75 false false true P-V curve shaping parameter 8 false false true P-V curve shaping parameter false false true false false out true 15 false false true Pericardial fluid in pericardial cavity 40 false false true Pericardial P-V curve parameter false false true Time - Solution domain 0.1 false false true Passive vasomotor tone constant for systemic arterial pressure false false true Time from start of atrial contraction cycle false false true Time from start of ventricular contraction cycle false false true Right atrium activation function false false true Left ventricle activation function false false true Right ventricle activation function false false true Right ventricle activation function <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <apply> <eq /> <ci>hrf</ci> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="Hz2rpm">60</cn> <ci>HR</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>beattime</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>t</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <floor /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>t</ci> <ci>hrf</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>hrf</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Tsv</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>TsvK</ci> <apply> <root /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="ratepm">1</cn> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <ci>HR</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">7.745966692414832</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Tsa</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>TsaK</ci> <apply> <root /> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="Hz">1</cn> <ci>HR</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">7.745966692414832</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>trelv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>beattime</ci> <ci>PRint</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>trela</ci> <ci>beattime</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>yla</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <cos /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <pi /> <ci>trela</ci> </apply> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <and /> <apply> <geq /> <ci>trela</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="s">0</cn> </apply> <apply> <leq /> <ci>trela</ci> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> </piece> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <cos /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <pi /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>trela</ci> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <and /> <apply> <lt /> <ci>trela</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <geq /> <ci>trela</ci> <ci>Tsa</ci> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>yra</ci> <ci>yla</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>ylv</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <cos /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <pi /> <ci>trelv</ci> </apply> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <and /> <apply> <geq /> <ci>trelv</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="s">0</cn> </apply> <apply> <leq /> <ci>trelv</ci> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> </piece> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <apply> <cos /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> <pi /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>trelv</ci> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> <apply> <and /> <apply> <lt /> <ci>trelv</ci> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1.5</cn> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <geq /> <ci>trelv</ci> <ci>Tsv</ci> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>yrv</ci> <ci>ylv</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Era</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Emaxra</ci> <ci>Eminra</ci> </apply> <ci>yra</ci> </apply> <ci>Eminra</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Erv</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Emaxrv</ci> <ci>Eminrv</ci> </apply> <ci>yrv</ci> </apply> <ci>Eminrv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ela</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Emaxla</ci> <ci>Eminla</ci> </apply> <ci>yla</ci> </apply> <ci>Eminla</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Elv</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Emaxlv</ci> <ci>Eminlv</ci> </apply> <ci>ylv</ci> </apply> <ci>Eminlv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Faod</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paodc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faod</ci> <ci>Raod</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Psap</ci> </apply> <ci>Laod</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Faop</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paopc</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faop</ci> <ci>Raop</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Paodc</ci> </apply> <ci>Laop</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorao</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcoraoc</ci> <ci>Pcoreac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorao</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorcap</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorcapc</ci> <ci>Pcorsvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorcap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorea</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcoreac</ci> <ci>Pcorlac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorea</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorev</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorevc</ci> <ci>Prac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorev</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorla</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorlac</ci> <ci>Pcorsac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorla</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorlv</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorlvc</ci> <ci>Pcorevc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorlv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorsa</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorsac</ci> <ci>Pcorcapc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcorsv</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pcorsvc</ci> <ci>Pcorlvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcorsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fcrb</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paodc</ci> <ci>Pvcc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rcrb</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fla</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Plac</ci> <ci>Plvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rla</ci> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Plac</ci> <ci>Plvc</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="flow">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Flv</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Plvc</ci> <ci>Paopc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rav</ci> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Plvc</ci> <ci>Paopc</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="flow">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fpa</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppac</ci> <ci>Ppcc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rpa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Fpad</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppadc</ci> <ci>Ppac</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fpad</ci> <ci>Rpad</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Lpad</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Fpap</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppapc</ci> <ci>Ppadc</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fpap</ci> <ci>Rpap</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Lpa</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fpc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppcc</ci> <ci>Ppvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rpc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fps</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppac</ci> <ci>Ppvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rps</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fpv</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppvc</ci> <ci>Plac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rpv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fra</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Prac</ci> <ci>Prvc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rra</ci> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Prac</ci> <ci>Prvc</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="flow">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Frv</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <ci>Ppapc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rpuv</ci> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <ci>Ppapc</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="flow">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsa</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psa</ci> <ci>Psc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsap</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psap</ci> <ci>Psa</ci> </apply> <ci>Rsap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psc</ci> <ci>Psv</ci> </apply> <ci>Rsc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fsv</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psv</ci> <ci>Pvcc</ci> </apply> <ci>Rsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Fvc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pvcc</ci> <ci>Prac</ci> </apply> <ci>Rvc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>MAP</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Psa</ci> <ci>MAP</ci> </apply> <ci>COtau</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>P_QRSwave</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="mV">5</cn> <apply> <and /> <apply> <gt /> <ci>t</ci> <ci>beattime</ci> </apply> <apply> <lt /> <ci>t</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>beattime</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="s">0.02</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </piece> <piece> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="mV">10</cn> <apply> <and /> <apply> <gt /> <ci>t</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>beattime</ci> <ci>PRint</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <lt /> <ci>t</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>beattime</ci> <ci>PRint</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="s">0.02</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="mV">0</cn> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Paod</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paodc</ci> <ci>Pbs</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Paodc</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rtaod</ci> <ci>Rcrb</ci> <ci>Faop</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rtaod</ci> <ci>Rcrb</ci> <ci>Faod</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Vaod</ci> <ci>Rcrb</ci> </apply> <ci>Caod</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.060000000000000005</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rcrb</ci> <ci>Px2</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vaod</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Pvcc</ci> <ci>Rtaod</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Rcrb</ci> <ci>Rtaod</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Paop</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paopc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Paopc</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Flv</ci> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vaop</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faop</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Fcorao</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>Ccorao</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="mL">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorao</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorao</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorao</ci> <ci>Paop</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcoraoc</ci> <ci>Paopc</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorcap</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorcap</ci> <ci>Ccorcap</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorcap</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorcapc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorcap</ci> <ci>Pcorisfc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorea</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorea</ci> <ci>Ccorea</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorea</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcoreac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorea</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorev</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorev</ci> <ci>Ccorev</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorev</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorevc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorev</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorisfc</ci> <apply> <abs /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Plvc</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorla</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorla</ci> <ci>Ccorla</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorla</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorlac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorla</ci> <ci>Pcorisfc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorlv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorlv</ci> <ci>Ccorlv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorlv</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorlvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorlv</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorsa</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorsa</ci> <ci>Ccorsa</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorsa</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorsac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorsa</ci> <ci>Pcorisfc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorsv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorsv</ci> <ci>Ccorsv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px1</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vcorsv</ci> <ci>Vx1</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pcorsvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pcorsv</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pla</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vla</ci> <ci>Vlar</ci> </apply> <ci>Ela</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vla</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Plac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pla</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Plv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vlv</ci> <ci>Vlvr</ci> </apply> <ci>Elv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vlv</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Plvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Plv</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppa</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpa</ci> <ci>Cpa</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpa</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ppa</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppad</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppadc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppadc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpad</ci> </apply> <ci>Rtpad</ci> </apply> <ci>Pplc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpad</ci> <ci>Ctpad</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpad</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppap</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Ppapc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppapc1</ci> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rpuv</ci> <ci>Vpap</ci> </apply> <ci>Ctpap</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rpuv</ci> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <ci>Rtpap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rpuv</ci> <ci>Rtpap</ci> <ci>Fpap</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.666666666666668</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Pplc</ci> <ci>Rpuv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Rtpap</ci> <ci>Rpuv</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppapc2</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Ctpap</ci> </apply> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Rtpap</ci> <ci>Fpap</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.666666666666668</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppapc</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <ci>Ppapc1</ci> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <ci>Ppapc1</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <ci>Ppapc2</ci> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpc</ci> <ci>Cpc</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpc</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppcc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ppc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppcd</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>K_pcd</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vpcd</ci> <ci>Vpcd_o</ci> </apply> <ci>phi_pcd</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpcd</ci> <ci>Vx75</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ppcd</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppl</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Pplc</ci> <ci>Pbs</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpv</ci> <ci>Cpv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vpv</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Ppvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Ppv</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pra</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vra</ci> <ci>Vrar</ci> </apply> <ci>Era</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vra</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Prac</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pra</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Prv</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vrv</ci> <ci>Vrvr</ci> </apply> <ci>Erv</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vrv</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Prvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Prv</ci> <ci>Ppcdc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psa_a</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kc</ci> <apply> <log /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsa_o</ci> </apply> <ci>Do</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psa</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>F_vaso</ci> <ci>Psa_a</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>F_vaso</ci> </apply> <ci>Psa_p</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psa_p</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kp1</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <ci>tau_p</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsa_o</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kp2</ci> <apply> <power /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsa_o</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psap</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsap</ci> <ci>Csap</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsap</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsc</ci> <ci>Csc</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsc</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Psv</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kv</ci> <apply> <log /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vmax_sv</ci> <ci>Vsv</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.99</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PulArtVol</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Vpad</ci> <ci>Vpa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>PulVenVol</ci> <ci>Vpv</ci> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pvc</ci> <piecewise> <piece> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>D2</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>K2</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vo</ci> <ci>Vmin_vc</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>K1</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vo</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="capacitance">1</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Px2</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <gt /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vo</ci> </apply> </piece> <otherwise> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>D2</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>K2</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vmin_vc</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Px2</ci> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </otherwise> </piecewise> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Pvcc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Pvc</ci> <ci>Pplc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Rsa</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Rsao</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kr</ci> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <times /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn> <ci>F_vaso</ci> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Kr</ci> <apply> <power /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vsa_max</ci> <ci>Vsa</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Rvc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <ci>KR</ci> <apply> <power /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vmax_vc</ci> <ci>Vvc</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Ro</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>SV</ci> <apply> <times /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>COutput</ci> <ci>HR</ci> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">60</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>SysArtVol</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vaop</ci> <ci>Vaod</ci> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>SysVenVol</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vsv</ci> <ci>Vvc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>VBcirc</ci> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vtot</ci> <ci>perifl</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vaod</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Faop</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faod</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fcrb</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vaop</ci> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Paopc</ci> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vaop</ci> <ci>Caop</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <divide /> <apply> <times /> <ci>Px2</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <exp /> <apply> <divide /> <ci>Vaop</ci> <ci>Vx8</ci> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <ci>Rtaop</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorao</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Flv</ci> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vaop</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <times /> <ci>Faop</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <ci>Fcorao</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorcap</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorsa</ci> <ci>Fcorcap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vcorcirc</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vcorao</ci> <ci>Vcorea</ci> <ci>Vcorla</ci> <ci>Vcorsa</ci> <ci>Vcorcap</ci> <ci>Vcorsv</ci> <ci>Vcorlv</ci> <ci>Vcorev</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorea</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorao</ci> <ci>Fcorea</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorev</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorlv</ci> <ci>Fcorev</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorla</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorea</ci> <ci>Fcorla</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorlv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorsv</ci> <ci>Fcorlv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorsa</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorla</ci> <ci>Fcorsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vcorsv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fcorcap</ci> <ci>Fcorsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vla</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fpv</ci> <ci>Fla</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vlar</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>yla</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vlard</ci> <ci>Vlars</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Vlars</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vlv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fla</ci> <ci>Flv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vlvr</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>ylv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vlvrd</ci> <ci>Vlvrs</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Vlvrs</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpa</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fpad</ci> <ci>Fps</ci> </apply> <ci>Fpa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpad</ci> </apply> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fpap</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fpad</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">0.059999999999999984</cn> </apply> </apply> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpap</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Frv</ci> <apply> <times /> <ci>Fpap</ci> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">16.66666666666667</cn> </apply> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpc</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fpa</ci> <ci>Fpc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vpcd</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vrv</ci> <ci>Vra</ci> <ci>Vlv</ci> <ci>Vla</ci> <ci>perifl</ci> <ci>Vmyo</ci> <ci>Vcorcirc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vpv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Fpc</ci> <ci>Fps</ci> </apply> <ci>Fpv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vra</ci> </apply> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fvc</ci> <ci>Fra</ci> </apply> <ci>Fcorev</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vrar</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>yra</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vrard</ci> <ci>Vrars</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Vrars</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vrv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fra</ci> <ci>Frv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vrvr</ci> <apply> <plus /> <apply> <times /> <apply> <minus /> <cn xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn> <ci>yrv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Vrvrd</ci> <ci>Vrvrs</ci> </apply> </apply> <ci>Vrvrs</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vsa</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fsap</ci> <ci>Fsa</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vsap</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Faod</ci> <ci>Fsap</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vsc</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fsa</ci> <ci>Fsc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vsv</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <ci>Fsc</ci> <ci>Fsv</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <ci>Vtot</ci> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Vra</ci> <ci>Vrv</ci> <ci>Vpap</ci> <ci>Vpad</ci> <ci>Vpa</ci> <ci>Vpc</ci> <ci>Vpv</ci> <ci>Vla</ci> <ci>Vlv</ci> <ci>Vaop</ci> <ci>Vaod</ci> <ci>Vsa</ci> <ci>Vsap</ci> <ci>Vsc</ci> <ci>Vsv</ci> <ci>Vvc</ci> <ci>perifl</ci> <ci>Vcorcirc</ci> </apply> </apply> <apply> <eq /> <apply> <diff /> <bvar> <ci>t</ci> </bvar> <ci>Vvc</ci> </apply> <apply> <minus /> <apply> <plus /> <ci>Fsv</ci> <ci>Fcrb</ci> </apply> <ci>Fvc</ci> </apply> </apply> </math>