- Author:
- James Lawson <j.lawson@auckland.ac.nz>
- Date:
- 2009-07-20 16:04:18+12:00
- Desc:
- fixed diagram in tmp documentation, added keywords to b and c
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://staging.physiomeproject.org/workspace/605/rawfile/2d7fa3586f4af9d80980f7f970aaec2dfd8afdad/tentusscher_noble_noble_panfilov_2004_c.cellml
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<!--
This CellML file was generated on 05/11/2007 at 17:00:27 using:
COR (0.9.31.801)
Copyright 2002-2007 Dr Alan Garny
http://COR.physiol.ox.ac.uk/ - COR@physiol.ox.ac.uk
CellML 1.0 was used to generate this cellular model
http://www.CellML.org/
-->
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<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>A Model For Human Ventricular Tissue</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This variant of the model was created by Penny Noble of Oxford University, and represents the parameters given for the endocardial cell variant in Ten Tusscher et al. 2004. This file is known to run in OpenCell and COR.
</para>
<para> This file is valid CellML and has full unit consistency.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
Cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death are amongst the most common causes of premature death in the devloped world. However despite their prevalance, they remain relatively poorly understood. Mathematical models, which capture the function of the beating human heart, play an important role in cardiac research. In part this is because practical experiments on human hearts are limited, and animal hearts may differ significantly in their anatomy and physiology relative to the human heart. In addition, cardiac arrhythmias are three dimensional phenomena, while experimental observations are mainly limited to surface recordings.
</para>
<para>
Existing mathematical models of human ventricular cells include:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
>Priebe and Beuckelmann, Electrophysiological Model of the Human Ventricular Myocyte, 1998; and</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Bernus <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> A Computationally Efficient Electrophysiological Model of Human Ventricular Cells, 2002.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
However, these models have their limitations, such as the fact that several of the equations are based on animal data. The aim of the 2004 study by ten Tusscher <emphasis>et al.</emphasis>, is to develop a new model for human ventricular cells that is based on recent experimetnal data and that is computationally efficient for large-scale spatial simulations. A schematic diagrma of the modl can be seen in <xref linkend="fig_cell_diagram"/> below.
</para>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
A model for human ventricular tissue, K.H.W.J. ten Tusscher, D. Noble, P.J. Noble, and A.V. Panfilov, 2004,
<emphasis>American Journal of Physiology</emphasis>
, 286, H1573-H1589. <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14656705&dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 14656705</ulink>
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
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<title>cell diagram</title>
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<caption>A schematic diagram describing the ion movement across the cell surface membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which are described by the Ten Tusscher <emphasis>et al.</emphasis> 2004 mathematical model of the human ventricular myocyte.</caption>
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</math>
</component>
<component name="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xs_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="Xs" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="xs_inf"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="alpha_xs"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="beta_xs"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_xs"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>xs_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">14</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_xs</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1100</cn>
<apply>
<root/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">6</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_xs</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">60</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_xs</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1</cn>
<ci>alpha_xs</ci>
<ci>beta_xs</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Xs</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>xs_inf</ci>
<ci>Xs</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_xs</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="fast_sodium_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_Na"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_Na" initial_value="14.838"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Na"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="m"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="h"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="j"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_Na</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>m</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>h</ci>
<ci>j</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="fast_sodium_current_m_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="m" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="m_inf"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="alpha_m"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="beta_m"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_m"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>m_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">56.86</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">9.03</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_m</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">60</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_m</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">35</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">200</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_m</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1</cn>
<ci>alpha_m</ci>
<ci>beta_m</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>m</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>m_inf</ci>
<ci>m</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_m</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="fast_sodium_current_h_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="h" initial_value="0.75"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="h_inf"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_h"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_h"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_h"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>h_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">71.55</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.43</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_h</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.057</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">80</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">6.8</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0</cn>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_h</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">2.7</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.079</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">310000</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.3485</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.77</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.13</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">10.66</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">11.1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_h</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_h</ci>
<ci>beta_h</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>h</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>h_inf</ci>
<ci>h</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_h</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="fast_sodium_current_j_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="j" initial_value="0.75"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="j_inf"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="alpha_j"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="beta_j"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_j"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>j_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">71.55</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.43</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_j</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">25428</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.2444</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond" type="e-notation">6.948<sep/>-6</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.04391</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">37.78</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.311</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">79.23</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0</cn>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_j</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.02424</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.01052</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1378</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40.14</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0.6</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.057</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="per_millivolt">0.1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">32</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_j</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_j</ci>
<ci>beta_j</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>j</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>j_inf</ci>
<ci>j</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_j</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_background_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_b_Na"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_bna" initial_value="0.00029"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Na"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_b_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_bna</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Na</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_Ca_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_CaL"/>
<variable units="litre_per_farad_second" name="g_CaL" initial_value="0.000175"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_o"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" private_interface="in" name="d"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="f"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="fCa"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_CaL</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_CaL</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
<ci>f</ci>
<ci>fCa</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">4</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>F</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.341</cn>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_Ca_current_d_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="d" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="d_inf"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="alpha_d"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="beta_d"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="gamma_d"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_d"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>d_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7.5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_d</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.4</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">35</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">13</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.25</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_d</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.4</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>gamma_d</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">50</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_d</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1</cn>
<ci>alpha_d</ci>
<ci>beta_d</ci>
</apply>
<ci>gamma_d</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>d_inf</ci>
<ci>d</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_d</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_Ca_current_f_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="f_inf"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_f"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>f_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">7</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_f</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1125</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">27</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt_square">240</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">80</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">165</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">25</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">10</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>f</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>f_inf</ci>
<ci>f</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_f</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="L_type_Ca_current_fCa_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="fCa" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="alpha_fCa"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="beta_fCa"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="gama_fCa"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="fCa_inf"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_fCa"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="d_fCa"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>alpha_fCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.000325</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">8</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>beta_fCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.0005</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.0001</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>gama_fCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.2</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.00075</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.0008</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>fCa_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>alpha_fCa</ci>
<ci>beta_fCa</ci>
<ci>gama_fCa</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.23</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1.46</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_fCa</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>d_fCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>fCa_inf</ci>
<ci>fCa</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_fCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>fCa</ci>
</apply>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0</cn>
<apply>
<and/>
<apply>
<gt/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.01</cn>
<ci>d_fCa</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">60</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<ci>d_fCa</ci>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_background_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_b_Ca"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_bca" initial_value="0.000592"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_Ca"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_b_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_bca</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_Ca</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_outward_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_to"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_to" initial_value="0.073"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="s"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="r"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_to</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_to</ci>
<ci>r</ci>
<ci>s</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_outward_current_s_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="s" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="s_inf"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_s"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>s_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">28</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_s</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">1000</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">67</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt_square">1000</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">8</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>s</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>s_inf</ci>
<ci>s</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_s</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="transient_outward_current_r_gate">
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="r" initial_value="0"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="r_inf"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_r"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>r_inf</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">20</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">6</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>tau_r</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">9.5</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">40</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt_square">1800</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.8</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>r</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>r_inf</ci>
<ci>r</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_r</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_potassium_pump_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" name="P_NaK" initial_value="1.362"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_mk" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_mNa" initial_value="40"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="K_o"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>P_NaK</ci>
<ci>K_o</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>K_o</ci>
<ci>K_mk</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<ci>K_mNa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1245</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0.0353</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_calcium_exchanger_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" name="K_NaCa" initial_value="1000"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="K_sat" initial_value="0.1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="alpha" initial_value="2.5"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="gamma" initial_value="0.35"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Km_Ca" initial_value="1.38"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Km_Nai" initial_value="87.5"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Na_o"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_o"/>
<variable units="joule_per_mole_kelvin" public_interface="in" name="R"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="kelvin" public_interface="in" name="T"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K_NaCa</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>alpha</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Km_Nai</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Na_o</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Km_Ca</ci>
<ci>Ca_o</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>K_sat</ci>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>gamma</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
</apply>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>R</ci>
<ci>T</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_pump_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_p_Ca"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" name="g_pCa" initial_value="0.825"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_pCa" initial_value="0.0005"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_p_Ca</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_pCa</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>K_pCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="potassium_pump_current">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" name="i_p_K"/>
<variable units="nanoS_per_picoF" name="g_pK" initial_value="0.0146"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="E_K"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_p_K</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>g_pK</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>V</ci>
<ci>E_K</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">25</cn>
<ci>V</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">5.98</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="calcium_dynamics">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_i" initial_value="0.0002"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_o" initial_value="2"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_SR" initial_value="0.2"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" name="i_rel"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" name="i_up"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" name="i_leak"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="g" initial_value="1"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_g" initial_value="2"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="g_inf"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" name="a_rel" initial_value="0.016464"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="b_rel" initial_value="0.25"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" name="c_rel" initial_value="0.008232"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_up" initial_value="0.00025"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="V_leak" initial_value="8e-5"/>
<variable units="millimolar_per_millisecond" name="Vmax_up" initial_value="0.000425"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="Ca_i_bufc"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="Ca_sr_bufsr"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Buf_c" initial_value="0.15"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_buf_c" initial_value="0.001"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Buf_sr" initial_value="10"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="K_buf_sr" initial_value="0.3"/>
<variable units="micrometre3" name="V_sr" initial_value="0.001094"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="V"/>
<variable units="micrometre3" public_interface="in" name="V_c"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="d"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="microF" public_interface="in" name="Cm"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_CaL"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_p_Ca"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_b_Ca"/>
<variable units="per_millisecond" name="d_g"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>a_rel</ci>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Ca_SR</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>b_rel</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Ca_SR</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>c_rel</ci>
</apply>
<ci>d</ci>
<ci>g</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_up</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Vmax_up</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>K_up</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>i_leak</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>V_leak</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>Ca_SR</ci>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>g_inf</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.00035</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">6</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.00035</cn>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<cn cellml:units="millimolar">0.00035</cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">16</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>d_g</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>g_inf</ci>
<ci>g</ci>
</apply>
<ci>tau_g</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>g</ci>
</apply>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<cn cellml:units="per_millisecond">0</cn>
<apply>
<and/>
<apply>
<gt/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond">0.01</cn>
<ci>d_g</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">0</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci>V</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt">60</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<ci>d_g</ci>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Ca_i_bufc</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Buf_c</ci>
<ci>K_buf_c</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
<ci>K_buf_c</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Ca_sr_bufsr</ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">1</cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Buf_sr</ci>
<ci>K_buf_sr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>Ca_SR</ci>
<ci>K_buf_sr</ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_i_bufc</ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>i_leak</ci>
<ci>i_up</ci>
</apply>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="mA_pA">1</cn>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_CaL</ci>
<ci>i_b_Ca</ci>
<ci>i_p_Ca</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<cn cellml:units="litre_micrometre3">1</cn>
<ci>V_c</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Cm</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Ca_SR</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci>Ca_sr_bufsr</ci>
<ci>V_c</ci>
</apply>
<ci>V_sr</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>i_up</ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_rel</ci>
<ci>i_leak</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="sodium_dynamics">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Na_i" initial_value="11.6"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="Na_o" initial_value="140"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="microF" public_interface="in" name="Cm"/>
<variable units="micrometre3" public_interface="in" name="V_c"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Na"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaCa"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_b_Na"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>Na_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="mA_pA">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_Na</ci>
<ci>i_b_Na</ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">3</cn>
<ci>i_NaCa</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="litre_micrometre3">1</cn>
<ci>V_c</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Cm</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="potassium_dynamics">
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_i" initial_value="138.3"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="out" name="K_o" initial_value="5.4"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" public_interface="in" name="F"/>
<variable units="microF" public_interface="in" name="Cm"/>
<variable units="micrometre3" public_interface="in" name="V_c"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_K1"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_to"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_NaK"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Kr"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Ks"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_p_K"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="in" name="i_Stim"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci>K_i</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="mA_pA">1</cn>
</apply>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci>i_K1</ci>
<ci>i_to</ci>
<ci>i_Kr</ci>
<ci>i_Ks</ci>
<ci>i_p_K</ci>
<ci>i_Stim</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless">2</cn>
<ci>i_NaK</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="litre_micrometre3">1</cn>
<ci>V_c</ci>
<ci>F</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>Cm</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component name="stimulus_protocol">
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" public_interface="out" cmeta:id="stimulus_protocol_Istim" name="Istim"/>
<variable units="millisecond" cmeta:id="stimulus_protocol_IstimStart" name="IstimStart" initial_value="100"/>
<variable units="millisecond" cmeta:id="stimulus_protocol_IstimEnd" name="IstimEnd" initial_value="50000"/>
<variable units="picoA_per_picoF" cmeta:id="stimulus_protocol_IstimAmplitude" name="IstimAmplitude" initial_value="-52"/>
<variable units="millisecond" cmeta:id="stimulus_protocol_IstimPeriod" name="IstimPeriod" initial_value="1000"/>
<variable units="millisecond" cmeta:id="stimulus_protocol_IstimPulseDuration" name="IstimPulseDuration" initial_value="1"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="Stimulus_Current_Equation">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci>Istim</ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<ci>IstimAmplitude</ci>
<apply>
<and/>
<apply>
<geq/>
<ci>time</ci>
<ci>IstimStart</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<leq/>
<ci>time</ci>
<ci>IstimEnd</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<leq/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>time</ci>
<ci>IstimStart</ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<apply>
<floor/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci>time</ci>
<ci>IstimStart</ci>
</apply>
<ci>IstimPeriod</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>IstimPeriod</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci>IstimPulseDuration</ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<otherwise>
<cn cellml:units="picoA_per_picoF">0</cn>
</otherwise>
</piecewise>
</apply>
</math>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
</component>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="stimulus_protocol" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Istim" variable_1="i_Stim"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="stimulus_protocol" component_1="environment"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="containment"/>
<component_ref component="membrane">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current">
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current_f_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current_fCa_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="inward_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xr1_gate"/>
<component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xr2_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xs_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="sodium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_background_current"/>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current">
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_s_gate"/>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_r_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="sodium_potassium_pump_current"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_calcium_exchanger_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_pump_current"/>
<component_ref component="potassium_pump_current"/>
<component_ref component="calcium_dynamics"/>
<component_ref component="sodium_dynamics"/>
<component_ref component="potassium_dynamics"/>
<component_ref component="reversal_potentials"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<group>
<relationship_ref relationship="encapsulation"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current">
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_m_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_h_gate"/>
<component_ref component="fast_sodium_current_j_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current">
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current_d_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current_f_gate"/>
<component_ref component="L_type_Ca_current_fCa_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xr1_gate"/>
<component_ref component="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xr2_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current">
<component_ref component="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current_Xs_gate"/>
</component_ref>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current">
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_s_gate"/>
<component_ref component="transient_outward_current_r_gate"/>
</component_ref>
</group>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="L_type_Ca_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="inward_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_background_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="transient_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_potassium_pump_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_calcium_exchanger_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="calcium_dynamics"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="sodium_dynamics"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="environment" component_1="potassium_dynamics"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="reversal_potentials" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Na" variable_1="i_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="L_type_Ca_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_CaL" variable_1="i_CaL"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kr" variable_1="i_Kr"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ks" variable_1="i_Ks"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_outward_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_to" variable_1="i_to"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="inward_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K1" variable_1="i_K1"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_background_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_b_Na" variable_1="i_b_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_background_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_b_Ca" variable_1="i_b_Ca"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_potassium_pump_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaK" variable_1="i_NaK"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_calcium_exchanger_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_NaCa" variable_1="i_NaCa"/>
<map_variables variable_2="R" variable_1="R"/>
<map_variables variable_2="T" variable_1="T"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_pump_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_p_Ca" variable_1="i_p_Ca"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_pump_current" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_p_K" variable_1="i_p_K"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_dynamics" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V_c" variable_1="V_c"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cm" variable_1="Cm"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_dynamics" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V_c" variable_1="V_c"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cm" variable_1="Cm"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_dynamics" component_1="membrane"/>
<map_variables variable_2="F" variable_1="F"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V_c" variable_1="V_c"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Cm" variable_1="Cm"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Stim" variable_1="i_Stim"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_background_current" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Na" variable_1="E_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="inward_rectifier_potassium_current" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_K" variable_1="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_K" variable_1="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_outward_current" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_K" variable_1="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_pump_current" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_K" variable_1="E_K"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Ks" variable_1="E_Ks"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_background_current" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Ca" variable_1="E_Ca"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="fast_sodium_current" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="E_Na" variable_1="E_Na"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="calcium_dynamics" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_o" variable_1="Ca_o"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_dynamics" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_o" variable_1="K_o"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_i" variable_1="K_i"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_dynamics" component_1="reversal_potentials"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_o" variable_1="Na_o"/>
<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_dynamics" component_1="inward_rectifier_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_K1" variable_1="i_K1"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_o" variable_1="K_o"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_dynamics" component_1="rapid_time_dependent_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Kr" variable_1="i_Kr"/>
<map_variables variable_2="K_o" variable_1="K_o"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_dynamics" component_1="slow_time_dependent_potassium_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_Ks" variable_1="i_Ks"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="sodium_dynamics" component_1="fast_sodium_current"/>
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<connection>
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<map_variables variable_2="Na_i" variable_1="Na_i"/>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<connection>
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<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
</connection>
<connection>
<map_components component_2="transient_outward_current_r_gate" component_1="transient_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="r" variable_1="r"/>
<map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
<map_variables variable_2="V" variable_1="V"/>
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<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_dynamics" component_1="transient_outward_current"/>
<map_variables variable_2="i_to" variable_1="i_to"/>
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<connection>
<map_components component_2="potassium_dynamics" component_1="potassium_pump_current"/>
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<rdf:value>Penny's file was modified to allow it to run in PCEnv. This required rearrangement of some differential equations such that the differential was on the left hand side. This modification produces a mathematically equivalent model and the output of the pre-modified model has not been altered in any way.</rdf:value>
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<vCard:Given>James</vCard:Given>
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<vCard:Given>P</vCard:Given>
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<vCard:Given>D</vCard:Given>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>2008-05-27T12:42:18+12:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<vCard:Given>A</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Panfilov</vCard:Family>
<vCard:Other>V</vCard:Other>
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<rdf:value>This variant represents the human endocardial cell, as defined by ten Tusscher et al. in their 2004 paper.</rdf:value>
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<dc:title>American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology</dc:title>
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<rdf:value>A stimulus protocol component was added to the model to allow simulation of trains of action potentials. Values for the amplitude (-52 picoA per picoF) and duration (1 ms) of the stimulus were taken from the original single stimulus in the model. The period of 1000 ms is intended to reflect beat period of the human heart, on which this model is based.</rdf:value>
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<bqs:first_page>1573</bqs:first_page>
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<vCard:Given>Penny</vCard:Given>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>2006-11-08T00:00:00+00:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<vCard:Given>K</vCard:Given>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>2007-12-06T15:15:54+13:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<vCard:FN>James Lawson</vCard:FN>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>2004-04-01 00:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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