- Author:
- pmr2.import <nobody@models.cellml.org>
- Date:
- 2007-09-19 22:40:07+12:00
- Desc:
- committing version01 of corrias_buist_2007
- Permanent Source URI:
- https://staging.physiomeproject.org/workspace/corrias_buist_2007/rawfile/4a19642207faf670195a45403b2799153dde6a10/corrias_buist_2007.cellml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!-- FILE : corrias_model_2007.xml
CREATED : 31st August 2007
LAST MODIFIED : 31st August 2007
AUTHOR : Catherine Lloyd
Bioengineering Institute
The University of Auckland
MODEL STATUS : This model conforms to the CellML 1.1 Specification.
DESCRIPTION : This file contains a CellML description of Corrias and Buist's 2007 quantitative model of gastric smooth muscle cellular activation.
CHANGES:
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="corrias_model_2007" name="corrias_buist_model_2007_version01">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
<articleinfo>
<title>A quantitative model of gastric smooth muscle cellular activation</title>
<author>
<firstname>Catherine</firstname>
<surname>Lloyd</surname>
<affiliation>
<shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
</affiliation>
</author>
</articleinfo>
<section id="sec_status">
<title>Model Status</title>
<para>
This CellML version of the model has been checked in COR and PCEnv. Currently it can be loaded into PCEnv but it does not produce a valid output. I suspect the problem might be related to the equation defining the stimulus current. I can not work out how to express Istim at a defined point in time in CellML because CellML does not currently handle variables as a function of time.
</para>
</section>
<sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>
<para>
The coordinated activity of the enteric nervous system (ENS), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and smooth muscle (SM) cells is required to generate gastric motility. While the ICC provide a constant source of electrical activity, and can be regarded as the <emphasis>pacemaker</emphasis> of the gastrointestinal (GI) system, the ENS adds an extra level of control. In combination the ICC and ENS act as a stimulus, causing the SM cells to contract and generate slow wave activity in the GI. These regular, autonomous depolarisations are then propagated via gap junctions to the neighbouring SM cells in the gut wall.
</para>
<para>
SM cells themselves are unable to generate or propagate slow waves autonomously. Instead they response to the electrical stimuli generated by neighbouring ICC as voltage-dependent ion channels embedded within their cell surface membrane become activated and other extracellular ligands and intracellular second messengers (such as calcium ions) also modify the response of the SM cells. As such, the inherent complexity of such a system quickly becomes apparent, and the role of mathematical models in dissecting the system and characterising the different functions of each individual component becomes clear. However, while computational models of cardiac electrophysiology have advanced considerably over the past few years, to date, models of gastric electrophysiology have been limited by the absence of single cell models which form the foundation for the more complex, large scale, integrated models.
</para>
<para>
In the present study Alberto Corrias and Martin Buist address this issue by presenting an electrophysiolgical model of a single gastric SM cell. The model parameters are based on real, experimentally recorded, physiological data, and the model has also been kept relatively simple to make it computationally efficient, and therefore suitable for embedding within multicellular simulations.
</para>
<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_reaction_diagram">
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
<objectinfo>
<title>model diagram</title>
</objectinfo>
<imagedata fileref="corrias_2007.png"/>
</imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>Schematic diagram of the model.</caption>
</informalfigure>
<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>
<para>
<ulink url="http://www.springerlink.com/content/652t4456624w2502/">A quantitative model of gastric smooth muscle cellular activation</ulink>, Alberto Corrias and Martin L. Buist, 2007, <ulink url="http://www.springerlink.com/content/111241/">
<emphasis>Annals of Biomedical Engineering</emphasis>
</ulink>, 35, 1595-1607. (<ulink url="http://www.springerlink.com/content/652t4456624w2502/fulltext.html">Full text</ulink> and <ulink url="http://www.springerlink.com/content/652t4456624w2502/fulltext.pdf">PDF</ulink> versions of the article are available to journal subscribers on the <emphasis>Annals of Biomedical Engineering</emphasis> website.) <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17486452&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_docsum">PubMed ID: 17486452</ulink>
</para>
</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
<units name="millisecond">
<unit units="second" prefix="milli"/>
</units>
<units name="millivolt">
<unit units="volt" prefix="milli"/>
</units>
<units name="millimolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="milli"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="micromolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="micro"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="nanomolar">
<unit units="mole" prefix="nano"/>
<unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="picofarad">
<unit units="farad" prefix="pico"/>
</units>
<units name="nanosiemens">
<unit units="siemens" prefix="nano"/>
</units>
<units name="picoampere">
<unit units="ampere" prefix="pico"/>
</units>
<units name="coulomb_per_mole">
<unit units="coulomb"/>
<unit units="mole" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="joule_per_mole_kelvin">
<unit units="joule"/>
<unit units="mole" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="kelvin" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="cm2">
<unit units="metre" prefix="centi" exponent="2"/>
</units>
<units name="micrometre3">
<unit units="metre" prefix="micro" exponent="3"/>
</units>
<units name="first_order_rate_constant">
<unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<units name="millimolar_millisecond">
<unit units="millimolar" exponent="-1"/>
<unit units="millisecond" exponent="-1"/>
</units>
<component name="environment">
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="out" name="time"/>
</component>
<component name="membrane">
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="out" name="Vm" initial_value="-65.0"/>
<variable units="picofarad" name="Cm" initial_value="77.0"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_CaL"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_LVA"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_Kr"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_Ka"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_BK"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_Kb"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_Na"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_NSCC"/>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="in" name="I_stim"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> Vm </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> I_CaL </ci>
<ci> I_LVA </ci>
<ci> I_Kr </ci>
<ci> I_Ka </ci>
<ci> I_BK </ci>
<ci> I_Kb </ci>
<ci> I_Na </ci>
<ci> I_NSCC </ci>
<ci> I_stim </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<ci> Cm </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_CaL" name="I_CaL">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_CaL">
<dc:title>I_CaL</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>L-type calcium current</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_CaL"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="gCaL" initial_value="65.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="ECa"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Vm"/>
<variable units="millimolar_millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="dCaidt"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="d"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="f"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="fCa"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_CaL </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> gCaL </ci>
<ci> d </ci>
<ci> f </ci>
<ci> fCa </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> ECa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="d" name="d">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="d">
<dc:title>d</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>L-type calcium current d gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="d" initial_value="0.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="d_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_d" initial_value="0.47"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> d </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> d_infinity </ci>
<ci> d </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_d </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> d_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 17.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 4.3 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="f" name="f">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="f">
<dc:title>f</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>L-type calcium current f gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="f" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="f_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_f" initial_value="86.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> f </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> f_infinity </ci>
<ci> f </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_f </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> f_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 43.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 8.9 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="fCa" name="fCa">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="fCa">
<dc:title>fCa</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>L-type calcium current fCa gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="fCa" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="nanomolar" name="hCa" initial_value="201.4"/>
<variable units="nanomolar" name="sCa" initial_value="13.1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="fCa_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_fCa" initial_value="2.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millimolar_millisecond" public_interface="in" name="dCaidt"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> fCa </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> fCa_infinity </ci>
<ci> fCa </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_fCa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> fCa_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> dCaidt </ci>
<ci> hCa </ci>
</apply>
<ci> sCa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_LVA" name="I_LVA">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_LVA">
<dc:title>I_LVA</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>low voltage-activated calcium current</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_LVA"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="gLVA" initial_value="0.18"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="ECa"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Vm"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="dLVA"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="fLVA"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_LVA </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> gLVA </ci>
<ci> dLVA </ci>
<ci> fLVA </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> ECa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="dLVA" name="dLVA">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="dLVA">
<dc:title>dLVA</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>low voltage activated calcium current d gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="dLVA" initial_value="0.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="dLVA_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_dLVA" initial_value="3.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> dLVA </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> dLVA_infinity </ci>
<ci> dLVA </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_dLVA </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> dLVA_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 27.5 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.9 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="fLVA" name="fLVA">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="fLVA">
<dc:title>fLVA</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>L-type calcium current f gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="fLVA" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="fLVA_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_fLVA"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> fLVA </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> fLVA_infinity </ci>
<ci> fLVA </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_fLVA </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> fLVA_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 15.8 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 7.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> tau_fLVA </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 7.58 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.00817 </cn>
<ci> Vm </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_Kr" name="I_Kr">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_Kr">
<dc:title>I_Kr</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>delayed rectifier potassium current</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_Kr"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="gKr" initial_value="35.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="EK"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Vm"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="xr1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="xr2"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_Kr </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> gKr </ci>
<ci> xr1 </ci>
<ci> xr2 </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> EK </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="xr1" name="xr1">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="xr1">
<dc:title>xr1</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>delayed rectifier potassium current xr1 gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="xr1" initial_value="0.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="xr1_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_xr1" initial_value="80.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> xr1 </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> xr1_infinity </ci>
<ci> xr1 </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_xr1 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> xr1_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 27.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 5.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="xr2" name="xr2">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="xr2">
<dc:title>xr2</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>delayed rectifier potassium current xr2 gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="xr2" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="xr2_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_xr2"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> xr2 </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> xr2_infinity </ci>
<ci> xr2 </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_xr2 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> xr2_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.8 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 58.0 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 10.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.2 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> tau_xr2 </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 1481.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 36.0 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 95.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 707.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_Ka" name="I_Ka">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_Ka">
<dc:title>I_Ka</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>A-type potassium current</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_Ka"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="gKa" initial_value="9.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="EK"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Vm"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="xa1"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="xa2"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_Ka </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> gKa </ci>
<ci> xa1 </ci>
<ci> xa2 </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> EK </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="xa1" name="xa1">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="xa1">
<dc:title>xa1</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>A-type potassium current xa1 gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="xa1" initial_value="0.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="xa1_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_xa1"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> xa1 </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> xa1_infinity </ci>
<ci> xa1 </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_xa1 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> xa1_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 26.5 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 7.9 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> tau_xa1 </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 31.8 </cn>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 175.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> -0.5 </cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 44.4 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 22.3 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="xa2" name="xa2">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="xa2">
<dc:title>xa2</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>A-type potassium current xa2 gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="xa2" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="xa2_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_xa2" initial_value="90.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> xa2 </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> xa2_infinity </ci>
<ci> xa2 </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_xa2 </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> xa2_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.9 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 65.0 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 6.2 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 0.1 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_BK" name="I_BK">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_BK">
<dc:title>I_BK</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>large conductance calcium-activated potassium current</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_BK"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="gBK" initial_value="45.7"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="kBK" initial_value="-17.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="P0"/>
<variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_set" initial_value="0.001"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="hBK" initial_value="2.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="EK"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_BK </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> gBK </ci>
<ci> P0 </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> EK </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> P0 </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> kBK </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> hBK </ci>
<apply>
<log/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Cai </ci>
<ci> Ca_set </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_Kb" name="I_Kb">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_Kb">
<dc:title>I_Kb</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>background potassium current</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_Kb"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="gKb" initial_value="0.014"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="EK"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_Kb </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> gKb </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> EK </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_Na" name="I_Na">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_Na">
<dc:title>I_Na</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>sodium current</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_Na"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="gNa" initial_value="3.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="ENa"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Vm"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="dNa"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="fNa"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_Na </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> gNa </ci>
<ci> dNa </ci>
<ci> fNa </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> ENa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="dNa" name="dNa">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="dNa">
<dc:title>dNa</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>sodium current d gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="dNa" initial_value="0.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="dNa_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_dNa"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> dNa </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> dNa_infinity </ci>
<ci> dNa </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_dNa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> dNa_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 47.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 4.8 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> tau_dNa </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> -0.017 </cn>
<ci> Vm </ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 0.44 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="fNa" name="fNa">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="fNa">
<dc:title>fNa</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>sodium current f gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="fNa" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="fNa_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_fNa"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> fNa </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> fNa_infinity </ci>
<ci> fNa </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_fNa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> fNa_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 78.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 3.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> tau_fNa </ci>
<apply>
<plus/>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> -0.25 </cn>
<ci> Vm </ci>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 5.5 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_NSCC" name="I_NSCC">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_NSCC">
<dc:title>I_NSCC</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>non-selective cationic current</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_NSCC"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="gNSCC" initial_value="50.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="hCa"/>
<variable units="nanomolar" name="KCa_NSCCBK" initial_value="200.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="nCa" initial_value="-4.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="rlig"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="nAch" initial_value="1.0"/>
<variable units="nanomolar" name="Ach" initial_value="10.0"/>
<variable units="micromolar" name="Km_NSCC" initial_value="10.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="ENSCC"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" private_interface="out" name="Vm"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" private_interface="in" name="mNSCC"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_NSCC </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> gNSCC </ci>
<ci> mNSCC </ci>
<ci> rlig </ci>
<ci> hCa </ci>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<ci> ENSCC </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> rlig </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Km_NSCC </ci>
<ci> Ach </ci>
</apply>
<ci> nAch </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> hCa </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<ci> Cai </ci>
<ci> KCa_NSCCBK </ci>
</apply>
<ci> nCa </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="mNSCC" name="mNSCC">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="mNSCC">
<dc:title>mNSCC</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>non-selective cationic current m gate</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="mNSCC" initial_value="0.0"/>
<variable units="dimensionless" name="mNSCC_infinity"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tau_mNSCC"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<variable units="millivolt" public_interface="in" name="Vm"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<apply>
<diff/>
<bvar>
<ci>time</ci>
</bvar>
<ci> mNSCC </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> mNSCC_infinity </ci>
<ci> mNSCC </ci>
</apply>
<ci> tau_mNSCC </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> mNSCC_infinity </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 25.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 20.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> tau_mNSCC </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 150.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<plus/>
<ci> Vm </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 66.0 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millivolt"> 26.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_CaExt" name="I_CaExt">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_CaExt">
<dc:title>I_CaExt</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>rate of calcium uptake by the SR, mitochondria and extrusion via PMCA</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="millimolar_millisecond" public_interface="out" name="I_CaExt"/>
<variable units="millimolar" public_interface="in" name="Cai"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_CaExt </ci>
<apply>
<times/>
<cn cellml:units="first_order_rate_constant"> 0.317 </cn>
<apply>
<power/>
<ci> Cai </ci>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.34 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
<component cmeta:id="I_stim" name="I_stim">
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="I_stim">
<dc:title>I_stim</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>electrical stimulus from ICC</dcterms:alternative>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
<variable units="picoampere" public_interface="out" name="I_stim"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tICCpeak" initial_value="98.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tICC" initial_value="10000.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" name="tICCplateau" initial_value="7582.0"/>
<variable units="nanosiemens" name="Gcouple" initial_value="1.3"/>
<variable units="millivolt" name="delta_VICC" initial_value="59.0"/>
<variable units="millisecond" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
<apply>
<eq/>
<ci> I_stim </ci>
<piecewise>
<piece>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> Gcouple </ci>
<ci> delta_VICC </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci> time </ci>
<ci> tICCpeak </ci>
</apply>
</piece>
<piece>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> Gcouple </ci>
<ci> delta_VICC </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> time </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 8000.0 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 1000.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<and/>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci> time </ci>
<ci> tICCpeak </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci> time </ci>
<ci> tICCplateau </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
<piece>
<apply>
<times/>
<ci> I_stim </ci>
<apply>
<divide/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.3 </cn>
<apply>
<plus/>
<cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
<apply>
<exp/>
<apply>
<divide/>
<apply>
<minus/>
<ci> time </ci>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 8000.0 </cn>
</apply>
<cn cellml:units="millisecond"> 150.0 </cn>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
</apply>
<apply>
<and/>
<apply>
<gt/>
<ci> time </ci>
<ci> tICCplateau </ci>
</apply>
<apply>
<lt/>
<ci> time </ci>
<ci> tICC </ci>
</apply>
</apply>
</piece>
</piecewise>
</apply>
</math>
</component>
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<dc:title>
Corrias and Buist's 2007 quantitative model of gastric smooth muscle cellular activation.
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<vCard:Given>Alberto</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Corrias</vCard:Family>
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<dc:publisher>The University of Auckland, Bioengineering Institute</dc:publisher>
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<rdf:value>This is a CellML description of Corrias and Buist's 2007 quantitative model of gastric smooth muscle cellular activation.</rdf:value>
</rdf:Description>
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<dc:creator rdf:resource="rdf:#cbab1c7d-5238-4680-9293-ce64c12cd10e"/>
<dc:title>A quantitative model of gastric smooth muscle cellular activation</dc:title>
<bqs:volume>35</bqs:volume>
<bqs:first_page>1595</bqs:first_page>
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<bqs:last_page>1607</bqs:last_page>
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<dcterms:W3CDTF>2007-09-20T00:00:00+12:00</dcterms:W3CDTF>
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<rdf:value>c.lloyd@auckland.ac.nz</rdf:value>
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<rdf:value>This CellML version of the model has been checked in COR and PCEnv. Currently it can be loaded into PCEnv but it does not produce a valid output. I suspect the problem might be related to the equation defining the stimulus current. I can not work out how to express Istim at a defined point in time in CellML because CellML does not currently handle variables as a function of time.</rdf:value>
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<rdf:Description rdf:about="rdf:#a86c5fa6-1a4f-4ae1-b596-d90ab248ab26">
<vCard:FN>Catherine Lloyd</vCard:FN>
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<bqs:Pubmed_id>17486452</bqs:Pubmed_id>
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<vCard:FN>Catherine Lloyd</vCard:FN>
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<vCard:Given>Martin</vCard:Given>
<vCard:Family>Buist</vCard:Family>
<vCard:Other>L</vCard:Other>
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<vCard:Given>Catherine</vCard:Given>
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