Rendering of the source text

<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!--  FILE :  albrecht_model_2001.xml

CREATED :  25th March 2002

LAST MODIFIED : 9th April 2003

AUTHOR :  Catherine Lloyd
          Bioengineering Institute
          The University of Auckland
          
MODEL STATUS :  This model conforms to the CellML 1.0 Specification released on
10th August 2001, and the 16/1/02 CellML Metadata 1.0 Specification.

DESCRIPTION :  This file contains a CellML description of Albrecht et al's
2001 model of calcium-induced calcium release in sympathetic neurons.

CHANGES:  
  18/07/2002 - CML - Added more metadata.
  09/04/2003 - AAC - Added publication date information.  
--><model xmlns="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:cmeta="http://www.cellml.org/metadata/1.0#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:bqs="http://www.cellml.org/bqs/1.0#" xmlns:cellml="http://www.cellml.org/cellml/1.0#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:vCard="http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#" cmeta:id="albrecht_colegrove_hongpaisan_pivovarova_andrews_friel_2001_version01" name="albrecht_colegrove_hongpaisan_pivovarova_andrews_friel_2001_version01">
<documentation xmlns="http://cellml.org/tmp-documentation">
<article>
  <articleinfo>
  <title>Multiple Modes of Calcium-induced Calcium Release in Sympathetic Neurons</title>
  <author>
    <firstname>Catherine</firstname>
          <surname>Lloyd</surname>
    <affiliation>
      <shortaffil>Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland</shortaffil>
    </affiliation>
  </author>
</articleinfo>
  <section id="sec_status">
    <title>Model Status</title>
    <para>
            This model is consistently represented within the CellML but contains sets of algebraic equations that prevent the model from being solved in currently available software - 03/08.
          </para>
  </section>
  <sect1 id="sec_structure">
<title>Model Structure</title>

<para>
Calcium is an important signalling ion, and changes in Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> concentration ([Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>]) regulate diverse processes in many cellular compartments.  In excitable cells, depolarisation-induced Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> entry increases [Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>]<subscript>i</subscript>, leading to secondary changes in [Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>] within organelles such as mitochondria and ER that regulate specific Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>-sensitive targets within these organelles.  Although mitochondria accumulate Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> in response to depolarisation-evoked [Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>]<subscript>i</subscript> elevations (see <ulink url="${HTML_EXMPL_COLEGROVE_MODEL}">The Colegrove <emphasis>et al</emphasis> Model Of Mitochondrial Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> Uptake And Release, 2000</ulink>), the ER has been described as either a Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> source or sink.  Different modes of net ER Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> transport are expected to have very different effects on cytoplasmic and intraluminal Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> signals and on the processes they regulate.   
</para>

<para>
In their 2001 model, Meredith A. Albrecht, Stephen L. Colegrove, Jarin Hongpaisan, Natalia B. Pivovarova, S. Brian Andrews and David D. Friel have examined the relationship between changes in [Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>]<subscript>i</subscript> and [Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>]<subscript>ER</subscript> during weak depolarisation in sympathetic neurons.  The total Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> flux during the recovery phase following membrane depolarisation was divided into four components (see <xref linkend="fig_cell_diagram"/> below).  One representing net Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> extrusion across the plasma membrane (J<subscript>extru</subscript>), one representing Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> entry through voltage-gated Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> channels (J<subscript>ICa</subscript>), one representing ER Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> uptake via a Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> ATPase (J<subscript>SERCA</subscript>) and one representing passive ER Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> release.  This mathematical model has been translated into a CellML description which can be downloaded in various formats as described in <xref linkend="sec_download_this_model"/>.
</para>

<para>
The complete original paper reference is cited below:
</para>

<para>
<ulink url="http://www.jgp.org/cgi/content/abstract/118/1/83">Multiple Modes of Calcium-induced Calcium Release in Sympathetic Neurons I:  Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> Accumulation at Low [Ca<superscript>2+</superscript>]<subscript>i</subscript> during Weak Depolarisation</ulink>, Meredith A. Albrecht, Stephen L. Colegrove, Jarin Hongpaisan, Natalia B. Pivovarova, S. Brian Andrews and David D. Friel, 2001, <ulink url="http://www.jgp.org/">
            <emphasis>The Journal Of General Physiology</emphasis>
          </ulink>, 118, 83-100.  (<ulink url="http://www.jgp.org/cgi/content/full/118/1/83">Full text</ulink> and <ulink url="http://www.jgp.org/cgi/reprint/118/1/83.pdf">PDF</ulink> versions of the article are available for Journal Members on the JGP website.)  <ulink url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=11429446&amp;dopt=Abstract">PubMed ID: 11429446</ulink>  
</para>


<informalfigure float="0" id="fig_cell_diagram">
<mediaobject>
  <imageobject>
    <objectinfo>
      <title>cell schematic for the model</title>
    </objectinfo>
    <imagedata fileref="albrecht_2001.png"/>
  </imageobject>
</mediaobject>
<caption>Schematic of the model indicating Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> compartmentation in the extracellular matrix, cytosol and the ER and pathways for Ca<superscript>2+</superscript> ion movement between the compartments.</caption>
</informalfigure>

</sect1>
</article>
</documentation>
  
  
  <!--
    Below, we define some additional units for association with variables and
    constants within the model. The identifiers are fairly self-explanatory.
  -->
  
  <units name="per_second">
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="millivolt">
    <unit units="volt" prefix="milli"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="millimolar">
    <unit units="mole" prefix="milli"/>
    <unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="micromolar">
    <unit units="mole" prefix="micro"/>
    <unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="nanomolar">
    <unit units="mole" prefix="nano"/>
    <unit units="litre" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="nanomolar_per_second">
    <unit units="nanomolar"/>
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="micromolar_per_second">
    <unit units="micromolar"/>
    <unit units="second" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="micro_litre">
    <unit units="litre" prefix="micro"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="coulomb_per_millimole">
    <unit units="coulomb"/>
    <unit units="mole" prefix="milli" exponent="-1"/>
  </units>
  
  <units name="picoA">
    <unit units="ampere" prefix="pico"/>
  </units>
  
  <!--
    The "environment" component is used to declare variables that are used by
    all or most of the other components, in this case just "time".
  -->
  <component name="environment">
    <variable units="second" public_interface="out" name="time"/>
  </component>
  
  <component name="total_cytoplasmic_Ca_flux">
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_ICa"/>
    <variable units="micro_litre" public_interface="out" name="v_i"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="out" name="k_i"/>
   
    <variable units="coulomb_per_millimole" name="F" initial_value="96.5"/>
    <variable units="picoA" name="I_Ca"/>
   
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="J_ICa_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> J_ICa </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <ci> I_Ca </ci>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 2.0 </cn>
            <ci> F </ci>
            <ci> v_i </ci>
            <ci> k_i </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="Ca_extrusion_across_the_plasma_membrane">
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_pm"/>
   
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" name="J_extru"/>
    <variable units="per_second" name="k_leak" initial_value="0.00000015"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" name="Vmax_extru" initial_value="25.0"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar" name="EC50_extru" initial_value="386.0"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="n_extru" initial_value="2.4"/>
    <variable units="millimolar" name="Ca_o" initial_value="2.0"/>
   
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_ICa"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="J_pm_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> J_pm </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> J_extru </ci>
          <ci> J_ICa </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="J_extru_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> J_extru </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> k_leak </ci>
            <apply>
              <minus/>
              <ci> Ca_i </ci>
              <ci> Ca_o </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>    
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> Vmax_extru </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <ci> EC50_extru </ci>
                  <ci> Ca_i </ci>
                </apply>
                <ci> n_extru </ci>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="Ca_uptake_by_SR_Ca_ATPase">        
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_SERCA"/>
    
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" name="Vmax_SERCA" initial_value="70.0"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar" name="EC50_SERCA" initial_value="700.0"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="n_SERCA" initial_value="1.0"/>
   
    <variable units="nanomolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="J_SERCA_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> J_SERCA </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <ci> Vmax_SERCA </ci>
          <apply>
            <plus/>
            <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
            <apply>
              <power/>
              <apply>
                <divide/>
                <ci> EC50_SERCA </ci>
                <ci> Ca_i </ci>
              </apply>
              <ci> n_SERCA </ci>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="ER_Ca_release">     
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="out" name="J_ER"/>       
   
    <variable units="per_second" name="P_ER"/>
    <variable units="per_second" name="P_basal" initial_value="0.0000178"/>
    <variable units="per_second" name="Pmax_RyR" initial_value="0.0009"/>
    <variable units="micromolar" name="EC50_RyR" initial_value="1.0"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="n_RyR" initial_value="1.0"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" name="J_release"/>
    
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_SERCA"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_ER"/>         
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>        
            
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="J_release_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> J_release </ci>
        <apply>
          <times/>
          <ci> P_ER </ci>
          <apply>
            <minus/>
            <ci> Ca_i </ci>
            <ci> Ca_ER </ci> 
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="J_ER_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> J_ER </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> J_SERCA </ci>
          <ci> J_release </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="P_ER_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> P_ER </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> P_basal </ci>
          <apply>
            <divide/>
            <ci> Pmax_RyR </ci>
            <apply>
              <plus/>
              <cn cellml:units="dimensionless"> 1.0 </cn>
              <apply>
                <power/>
                <apply>
                  <divide/>
                  <ci> EC50_RyR </ci>
                  <ci> Ca_i </ci>
                </apply>
                <ci> n_RyR </ci>
              </apply>
            </apply>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="cytoplasmic_calcium">
    <variable units="nanomolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_i"/>
    
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" name="J_i"/>
    
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_ER"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_pm"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <apply id="Ca_i_diff_eq">
        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Ca_i </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <minus/>
          <ci> J_i </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="J_i_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> J_i </ci>
        <apply>
          <plus/>
          <ci> J_pm </ci>
          <ci> J_ER </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <component name="intraluminal_calcium">
    <variable units="nanomolar" public_interface="out" name="Ca_ER"/>
    
    <variable units="micro_litre" name="v_ER"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="k_ER"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" name="gamma_ER" initial_value="0.01"/>
   
    <variable units="nanomolar" public_interface="in" name="Ca_i"/>
    <variable units="micro_litre" public_interface="in" name="v_i"/>
    <variable units="dimensionless" public_interface="in" name="k_i"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_ER"/>
    <variable units="nanomolar_per_second" public_interface="in" name="J_SERCA"/>
    <variable units="second" public_interface="in" name="time"/>
    
    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
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        <eq/>
        <apply>
          <diff/>
          <bvar>
            <ci> time </ci>
          </bvar>
          <ci> Ca_ER </ci>
        </apply>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <ci> J_ER </ci>
          <ci> gamma_ER </ci>
        </apply>
      </apply>
      
      <apply id="gamma_ER_calculation">
        <eq/>
        <ci> gamma_ER </ci>
        <apply>
          <divide/>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> v_ER </ci>
            <ci> k_ER </ci>
          </apply>
          <apply>
            <times/>
            <ci> v_i </ci>
            <ci> k_i </ci>
          </apply>
        </apply>
      </apply>
    </math>
  </component>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="total_cytoplasmic_Ca_flux"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="Ca_extrusion_across_the_plasma_membrane"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="Ca_uptake_by_SR_Ca_ATPase"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="ER_Ca_release"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="cytoplasmic_calcium"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="environment" component_1="intraluminal_calcium"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="time" variable_1="time"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="Ca_extrusion_across_the_plasma_membrane" component_1="total_cytoplasmic_Ca_flux"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="J_ICa" variable_1="J_ICa"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="intraluminal_calcium" component_1="total_cytoplasmic_Ca_flux"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="v_i" variable_1="v_i"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="k_i" variable_1="k_i"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="cytoplasmic_calcium" component_1="Ca_extrusion_across_the_plasma_membrane"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="J_pm" variable_1="J_pm"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="cytoplasmic_calcium" component_1="Ca_uptake_by_SR_Ca_ATPase"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
  </connection> 
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="ER_Ca_release" component_1="Ca_uptake_by_SR_Ca_ATPase"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="J_SERCA" variable_1="J_SERCA"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="intraluminal_calcium" component_1="Ca_uptake_by_SR_Ca_ATPase"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="J_SERCA" variable_1="J_SERCA"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="cytoplasmic_calcium" component_1="ER_Ca_release"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="J_ER" variable_1="J_ER"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
  </connection> 
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="intraluminal_calcium" component_1="ER_Ca_release"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="J_ER" variable_1="J_ER"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="Ca_ER" variable_1="Ca_ER"/>
  </connection>
  
  <connection>
    <map_components component_2="intraluminal_calcium" component_1="cytoplasmic_calcium"/>
    <map_variables variable_2="Ca_i" variable_1="Ca_i"/>
  </connection> 




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        Multiple modes of calcium-induced calcium release in sympathetic 
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            Multiple Modes of Calcium-induced Calcium Release in Sympathetic 
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